Actual Exam Flashcards
What is culture?
Culture focuses more deeply on beliefs, traditions, and inter-generational learning.
- The agreed definition of culture is “culture is the full range of learned human behaviour patterns”.
- The term was first used by Edward B. Tylor in his book in 1971. He said that culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
- Culture is a powerful but fragile because it is constantly changing and easily lost because it exists only in our minds. Our written languages, governments, buildings and other man-made things are merely the products of culture - they are not culture in themselves.
What are the three layers or levels of culture?
- Your specific society (shared language, societal traditions etc.)
- Subculture - In diverse societies in which people have come from many different parts of the world, they often retain much of their original cultural traditions. As a result, they are likely to be part of an identifiable subculture in their new society. An example pf a nearly vanished subculture in Canada is Irish and German subcultures.
- Cultural Universals -These are learned behaviour patterns that are shared by all of humanity collectively, no matter where people live in the world. For example, communicating with a verbal language consisting of a limited set of sounds and grammatical rules for constructing sentences or using age and gender to classify people
How does this quote by Wade Davis: “The world in which you were born is just one model of reality. Other cultures are not failed attempts at being you; they are unique manifestations of the human spirit” contradict the concept of competing cultures?
Culture is a construct, or a creation. They are different ways of knowing and being, not inherently better or worse than one another.
What is ethnocentrism?
It is the belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture. 2. A tendency to view alien groups or cultures from the perspective of one’s own.
What is the ethnosphere?
Ethnosphere: All that we are and all that we can be. The imaginings and contributions of all of humanity to our planet.
What shocking numbers which pertain to languages and affect the world’s ethnosphere?
Fifty years ago, there were 6000 languages. Now there are only 3000.
What does Wade Davis say the 20th century will be known for?
The 20th century will be known as the era during which we stood by and watched the massive destruction of both biological and cultural diversity on the planet.
What is the “problem”? Not change or technology. It is a problem of ________.
Power
Genocide is universally reviled, but ethnocide is celebrated as a “_________.” How does the concept of ethnocentrism fit in here?
Ethnocide is celebrated as a “development strategy.”
If one culture considers itself superior to other cultures, and the people of that culture possess more power, they will erase other, less “worthwhile” cultures and see it as “no big deal” since they are better anyway.
What is a norm?
A standard model, or pattern regarded as typical: the current middle-class norm of two children per family.
What is a big idea?
Big idea: a word or major topic that is well defined, or has several examples provided to ensure the reader understands the key concept associated with it.
What are some of the big ideas in Bell Hook’s book?
- Sexual liberation
- Chores around the house
- Genuine respect for one another
- Her beliefs align with those in the “conflict theory”
What is structural functionalism?
- the theory which states that society is a system that has many parts that function together.
- Cultural norms help a society function more smoothly and cultural values help people make choices about things such as how long to stay in school, when to get married, who to marry, etc.
- Structural functionalists see crime as inevitable and therefore the function of police is to take care of this part of society.
- Another way to see this theory is as a body. The body is the society and all the organs, limbs, and so on, are the structures that work together to ensure the body operates properly.
How do structural functionalists view the institution of marriage?
It is important to keep society running smoothly. Monogamous partnerships produce children who “belong” to a family unit. These partnerships allow the children to be cared for. Structural functionalists see the family as the most appropriate structure to care for children and organize society.
What is the conflict theory?
- The theory which states that society is operating as a series of conflicts, mostly between classes (wealthy and poor).
- It rejects the current norms, unlike the structural functionalists who see society as a system whose parts work well together.
- Conflict theorists view society as unequal, and requiring change to move toward equality. This perspective emphasizes a critique of capitalism (market- and money-driven economies) and patriarchal – male dominated – societies, both of which are norms in modern western society. In extreme cases, conflict theory proposes the overthrowing of society to create new norms.
How would a conflict theorist view the institution of marriage?
In today’s world, marriage is based on domination and control. Women are the property of men. Women are used for child-bearing. Society needs to change its definition of marriage, or get rid of it entirely, in order for society to function in a healthier way.
What is symbolic interactionism?
- The theory which states that both of the above theoretical perspectives are too broad because they leave out the individual’s perspective.
- This theory argues that people interpret symbols in society in their own personal ways.
- It is important to understand how individuals perceive and make sense of the world around them according to their unique character traits and experiences.
- An example of that notion could be how one person may view a wooden spoon as a kitchen tool and how another may associate it with a beating from childhood. Individuals interact with symbols and attach their own meaning to them.
What is cultural materialism?
Its an anthropological school of thought
-States that the best way to understand human culture is to examine material conditions – climate, food supply, geography, etc.
Who is Edward Said?
- A Palestinian-American who is the thinker behind the theory of Orientalism – the demonization of Islam in the news and popular culture as fanatical, extreme, and violent
- The way in which Arabs are portrayed is dangerous and it is a distortion. Arabs are portrayed as different from westerners and threatening.
- This demonization dehumanizes Arabs
What is the longest-running military occupation of the 20th century?
Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip territories is the longest running military occupation of the 20th century.
What is propaganda?
information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view
What is statistics?
Statistic: the mathematics of the collection, organization, and interpretation of numerical data, especially the analysis of population characteristics by inference from sampling
Amongst the G8 countries, how does Canada rank on immigration?
- Among the G8 countries, Canada had the highest proportion of foreign-born population (20.6%), followed by Germany (13.0% in 2010) and the United States (12.9% in 2010).
- Outside the G8 nations, Canada’s proportion of foreign-born was lower than that of Australia (26.8% in 2010), one of the major immigrant-receiving countries
- There was a 0.8% increase of foreign-born individuals in Canada from 2006 to 2011.
What is ethnic origin?
- It another aspect of the nation’s ethno cultural diversity. Ethnic origin refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the respondent’s ancestors.
- The ethnic origin most often reported was Canadian, cited by about 10,563,800 people, either alone or with other origins
- More than 200 ethnic origins have been reported
Visible Minorities
In 2011, visible minorities represented 19.1% of Canada’s total population, compared with 16.2% in the 2006 Census. The difference is 2.9%.
- The three largest visible minority groups are South Asians, Chinese, and Blacks.
Religion in Canada
67.3% in Canada identify with Christianity
The affiliation with Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, or Buddhist religions has rose by 4.9%
Canada Citizenship:
- 3% of the population is Canadian by birth
- Second generation includes individuals who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada.
Why are statistics inaccurate?
To make changes based on this incomplete, or flawed, data could be problematic, as it does not accurately reflect the characteristics of the total Canadian population.
Who was Marshall McLuhan?
- Canadian theorist.
- His phrase “the medium is the message” and his further commentary on the media is now infamous, and seemingly as relevant as ever.
- His big idea was : The important thing about the media is not the information being conveyed, but what they are doing to us in terms of shaping our behaviour.
Summarize the argument that is put forward for NOT allowing the hijab and then one FOR allowing the Hijab to be worn as part of the police uniform.
AGAINST:
Wearing a standard uniform reflects a fairness of treatment or an even application of a rule, and there should not be exceptions for a particular heritage or perspective. For instance, should a farmer, surfer, Goth, Rastafarian, or nudist apply their heritage/perspective to a police uniform? Many would argue that those uniform modifications would undermine the police force’s authority.
- The practicality argument which stats that scarves are seen as unfitted, dysfunctional, and improper. Wearing a hijab could downgrade standardization and connect government authority to a specific religious group.
What could be one consequence of this unequal distribution of power with regards to how Muslims express their identity?
This unequal distribution of power could contribute to Muslims feeling the need to build their own identity as a symbol of resistance to domination and oppression.
There appear to be several reasons why Muslims seem resistant to submit to Christian/Jewish/pre-modern values and symbols. Can you give at least one of them?
Muslims experience a lack of recognition and respect in places with a heavy Judeo-Christian tradition (Europe and the Americas)
What is a fundamentalist viewpoint?
The fundamentalist viewpoint is usually based on a literal or conservative interpretation or a holy book or other ancient text. A fundamental argument held by any group would place the sex, race, group, or religion identified as the “other” in a position where it would be hemmed in by the basic principles upon which it relies. It would never evolve, it would be seen as incapable of making progress, of gaining knowledge, or getting any better because it is fundamentally bound by evil or ignorant principles. Fundamentalism promotes the adherence to strict, traditional, and unchangeable beliefs, to the basis of the idea or doctrine that it serves.
This theorist first studied the idea of culture in anthropology.
Edward B. Tylor
Theorist - The medium shapes us and affects our understanding of the message.
Marshall McLuhan
This theorist spoke about what role does gender play in our understanding of an issue?
Gayle Rubin
Theorist - Does using Google or surfing the Internet affect our brains and how we process information?
Nicholas Carr
Theorist - An individual from the Middle East is judged, in North America, through the lens of Orientalism.
Edward Said
Theorist - Our understanding of marriage and the role of a wife within a marriage is a cultural construction.
Anne Kingston or bell hooks
Name two aspects of “unseen culture.”
Ideas and religious beliefs; social values; political values; economic values; norms; and social mores.
Name two aspects of “seen culture.”
language and communication; daily life, customs; material evidence (food, clothing, buildings, tools); traditions and heritage; artistic expression; and groups and institutions.
What is a rite of passage?
a ritual performed in some cultures at times when an individual changes status (as from adolescence to adulthood)
What is a ritual?
a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order
For example, in the Maasai Mara region of Africa, young boys are sent on a lion hunt. Jewish youths celebrate a religious ceremony, known as a bar or bat mitzvah, for their 13th birthday.
Define the term “menarche”
The word menarche comes from the Greek words mene, which means moon, and arche, which means beginning. It marks the beginning moon, the first menstruation, or first moon.
What are the four types of female genital mutilation?
- Clitoridectomy: partial or total removal of the clitoris and, in very rare cases, only the prepuce (the fold of skin surrounding the clitoris)
- Excision: partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia.
- Infibulation: narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal. The seal is formed by cutting and repositioning the inner, or outer, labia, with or without removal of the clitoris
- Other modifications: These include all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterizing the genital area.
What is a Patriarchy?
social organization marked by the supremacy of the father in the clan or family, the legal dependence of wives and children, and the reckoning of descent and inheritance in the male line; broadly: control by men of a disproportionately large share of power
- social system in which males hold primary power, predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property;
What is a Matriarchy?
a system of social organization in which descent and inheritance are traced through the female line; a social system in which familial and political authority is wielded by women
What is a Nuclear family?
a social unit composed of two parents and one or more “children”
What is a Kinship group?
a person’s family and relations
What is an Extended family?
a kinship group consisting of a family nucleus and close relatives, such as grandparents, usually living in one household and functioning as a unit
What is a Blended family?
a family composed of a couple and their children from previous marriages
What is exogamy?
the custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribe.
What is Endogamy?
Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or social group, rejecting others on such a basis as being unsuitable for marriage or for other close personal relationships.
What is a Patrilocality?
the females moving to the location of the males
What is a kinship network?
A relation between two or more persons that is based on common ancestry (descent) or marriage (affinity).
- Extended group or family joined together by marriage
Why are the practices of exogamy and patrilocality important to building a family?
Exogamy and patrilocality are important to avoid inbreeding and to forge kinship networks with other communities.
What is the difference between an individualistic culture and a collectivist culture?
- An individualistic culture tends to give priority to independence and the pursuit of individual achievement.
- A collectivist culture places more of an emphasis on the individual contributing to the well-being of the family and community. As a result, these values and beliefs will likely shape parents and their interaction with their children and their parenting style.
- In collectivist countries, parents tend to promote values such as helpfulness, conformity, and interdependence within their family (Darling & Steinberg, 1993). Child outcomes will also likely be affected because each culture will have different goals and expectations of their citizens and the children will be socialized under different conditions.
What is an Authoritative parent?
In the authoritarian parenting style, a clear hierarchy is established within the family and the child’s own needs or wishes are not an emphasis. Individuality amongst the children is not a focus or goal, but respect for parents is
- emphasizes setting high standards, being nurturing and responsive, and showing respect for children as independent, rational beings. The authoritative parent expects maturity and cooperation, and offers children lots of emotional support.
What is an Authoritarian parent?
This type of parent demands a sort of blind obedience from their children.
What is Filial piety?
the virtue of total respect for the family, especially the elders
True or False? In natural selection, it may, under some circumstances, be better for children to abandon or kill their parents, and for the parents to abandon or kill their children.
TRUE
True or False? In cultures lacking written records of history, song, and other forms of culture, older people are invaluable sources of information.
TRUE
True or False? In the U.S., old people live with their children, and it is convenient to take care of your parents.
FALSE
True or False? Confucian tradition places a high value on filial piety, obedience, and respect.
TRUE
True or False? Modernization has led to a strengthening of traditions.
FALSE
True or False? The American Protestant work ethic holds that if you are no longer working, you have lost the main value that society places on you.
TRUE
True or False? Modern literacy (books, the Internet) enhances the usefulness of an elder’s wisdom.
FALSE
True or False? Traditional nomadic tribes carry their elderly during their unrelenting travels.
FALSE
True or False? Many societies treat their elderly worse than Americans do.
FALSE
True or False? Paraguay’s Aché Indians assign certain young men the task of killing old people with an ax or spear, or burying them alive.
TRUE
What are Demographics?
a single vital or social statistic of a human population, as the number of births or deaths
This term denotes the modern connotation of “old.”
Useless
There will be 300 million people over the age of 60 by 2025 in this country.
China
Society should respect the social value of the aged and provide more activities for them, and care for them.
This is a part of a proposal made in China to effectively cope with the aging society.
There will be 80 000 people over the age of 80 by 2033 in this country.
Britain
What is Autonomy?
Independence or freedom, as of the will or one’s actions
True or False? Ethnic minorities compose 1/4 of the U.S. population.
False - they compose 1/3
True or False?The U.S. model of health care is autonomous.
True
True or False? There is an emphasis on “truth telling” in non-U.S. cultures when it comes to serious illnesses.
False Truth telling” is a value of the U.S. health care system. Concealment of serious illnesses is common in other cultures because disclosure of serious illnesses may sometimes be viewed as disrespectful, impolite, or even harmful to the patient.
What is a Transition Town (or city, or village) movement?
a grassroots network of communities that are working to build resilience in response to peak oil, climate change, and economic instability.
Transition Town movement aims to raise awareness about sustainable living and to create communities that are more ecologically resilient, with a focus on the reduction of energy consumption and the lessening of the dependency of fossil fuels.
‘Honoring the elders’ is one of the key original ingredients of creating a Transition Town (or city, or village).
What is peak oil?
the point in time when the global production of oil will reach its maximum rate, after which production will gradually decline.
What is a Transition Network?
a UK-based charity founded to disseminate the concept of Transition and support towns around the world as they adopt the Transition model.
What are the five distinct stages necessary to the process of Transition?
- Starting Out - Takes you from Transition being just an idea or an aspiration to it being something that is underway. Ingredients include “Inclusion and diversity” and “Creating a space for inner Transition.”
- Deepening - Transition initiative will build momentum and practical projects will emerge. Ingredients include: : “The Great Reskilling” and “How we communicate.”
- Connecting
- Building
- Daring to Dream
What is Capitalism? Name four characteristics.
an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state
- Business capital is privately owned
- Buyers and sellers control the economy
- People have free will to spend money or sell goods and services.
- In a capitalist system, the government regulates and supervises prices.
What is Consumerism?
(1) The belief that it is good for people to spend a lot of money on goods and services;
(2) the actions of people who spend a lot of money on goods and services
What is Materialism? What could minimize the impact of materialism?
A way of thinking that gives too much importance to material possessions rather than to spiritual or intellectual things
Adopting the concept of a Plenitude economy - that gives people more time away from work, expanded opportunities for low impact economic activity- will diminish the focus on endless growth and production, and the depletion of the world’s resources. This will in turn change how people live their lives and spend their time.
What are some of the key indicators of income inequality?
Societies (including provinces, states, and nations) with greater inequality also have greater child mortality, shorter lifespan, increased mental health issues, a general lack of trust, and a general feeling of being unsafe.
What is the definition of “Affluence”?
(1) an abundant flow or supply – profusion
(2) Abundance of property – wealth
What is Cultural diffusion?
the spread of cultural elements from one area or group of people to others by contact
Where are the earliest beginnings of humankind?
Africa
What is the Neolithic Age characterized by?
Permanent settlements, animal domestication, and farming
What are the four main uses of rituals?
- They give time-structure to our lives on daily, weekly, and annual levels.
- They assist and encourage the formation of trust and community between people.
- They give shape to public expressions of powerful emotions: expressions of grief, as at funerals; and of joy, as at weddings, graduations, birthdays, and anniversaries.
- They help to reorient and stabilize our own feelings when we need to comprehend and cope with crucial life passages.
What are the elements of rituals?
The main elements of a ritual are spaces and objects such as candles and lamps, fire, water etc.
Although there is no scientific proof that they do work, performing rituals with the intention of producing a certain emotional result appears to be sufficient for the emotional result to come true.
What are simpatias?
It is formulaic rituals that are used for solving problems such as quitting smoking, curing asthma, and warding off bad luck. People perceive simpatias to be more effective depending on the number of steps involved, the repetition of procedures, and whether the steps are performed at a specified time.
What is a stereotype? What is prejudice? What is discrimination?
A stereotype is a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing: sexual and racial stereotypes
A prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual’s membership of a social group.
For example, a person may hold prejudiced views towards a certain race or gender.
Discrimination is the behaviour or actions, usually negative, towards an individual or group of people, especially on the basis of sex/race/social class, etc.
The notable difference between prejudice and discrimination is that prejudice is a thought. Discrimination is an action. Just because you don’t act in a way that might be considered racist or sexist doesn’t mean that you don’t think that way
What is Privilege?
a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to one person or group of people.
True or False:Men are often willing to grant that women are underprivileged but not that they are overprivileged.
TRUE
True or False: Taboos surround the subject of the advantage that men have as a result of women’s disadvantage.
TRUE
True or False: Whites are carefully taught to recognize their white privilege.
FALSE
True or False: White privilege is an invisible package of unearned assets.
TRUE
True or False: Women of colour never see white women as oppressive.
FALSE
True or False: Whites are taught to think of their lives as morally neutral, normative, average, and also ideal.
TRUE
True or False: In 2009 in the United States, African-American men were seven times more likely to be incarcerated than white males.
TRUE
True or False: In 2009, Hispanic men were five times more likely to be incarcerated than white males.
FALSE They were 2.5 times more likely to be incarcerated than white males.
True or False: In 2009, African-American women were incarcerated at higher rates than African-American men.
FALSE African-American women were 3.5 times more likely to be imprisoned than white women. African-American men were seven times more likely to be imprisoned than a white man.
True or False: In 2009, Hispanic women were incarcerated 1.5 times more often than white women.
TRUE
True or False: According to the data available, incarceration rates in Canada have increased from 2004/5 to 2005/06.
TRUE They have gone from 120 per 100 000 in 2004/05 to 131 per 100 000 in 2005/06.
True or False: Aboriginal adults are underrepresented in Canadian jails.
FALSE Aboriginal people make up approximately four percent of the Canadian population, but represent 24 percent of the prison population.
What is Genocide?
The deliberate killing of a large group of people, esp. those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
Residential Schools in Canada - Genocide
The residential school system existed from the 1870s until the 1990s and saw about 150,000 native youth taken from their families and sent to church-run schools under a deliberate policy of “civilizing” First Nations. Many students were physically, mentally and sexually abused. Some committed suicide or died fleeing their schools. Mortality rates reached 50 per cent at some schools.
. In Canada the “Indian Act” legislated the elimination of parental power of First Nations people. Their children were removed from their homes and forced into the now well-proven abusive residential school system.
At the Nuremberg trials, a crucial point was made - Article II (a): Killing members of the group intended to be destroyed
That aboriginal people were deliberately killed in the residential schools is confirmed by eyewitness testimonies, government records and statements of Indian agents and tribal elders. [It is also strongly suggested by the fact that the mortality level in residential schools averaged 40 percent, or more than 50,000 native children across Canada. The death rate for the 1,537 children in Dr. Peter Bryce’s survey of 15 schools was 24 percent.
As the Genocide Convention and the Nuremburg Principles make clear, creating the conditions that will kill off even one sector of a group of people is not only genocide, but is considered to be intentional killing, since an entire institutional system is at work to destroy that group.
The residential schools were structured like concentration camps, on a hierarchical military basis under the absolute control of a Principal appointed jointly by church and state,
Zionism:
an international movement originally for the establishment of a Jewish national or religious community in Palestine and later for the support of modern Israel
Right of Return:
refers to a principle of international law, codified in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, giving any person the right to return to, and re-enter, his or her country of origin. This principle is sometimes reflected in special consideration in a country’s immigration laws (called “repatriation”) which facilitate or encourage the reunion of a diaspora.
The Green Line:
It was the line of demarcation that more than 60 years ago formed the de facto border between the new state of Israel and its Arab neighbors – Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Egypt, at the time all enemies of the Jewish state.
The line was in place for nearly two decades, until June 1967, when Israel and its Arab neighbors fought yet another war — for a brief but pivotal six days — in which Israel captured significant portions of Arab-held territory.
Those pre-1967 boundaries are a tripwire in the rhetoric and realpolitik over how to achieve peace between Israel, Palestinians and the wider Arab world. In a 2011 speech on the Middle East, President Obama included this statement: “The borders of Israel and Palestine should be based on the 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps, so that secure and recognized borders are established for both states.”
Multiculturalism:
the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can coexist peacefully and equitably in a single country.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel recently made headlines when she pronounced multiculturalism in Germany a ______-
a) Holiday
b) Success
c) Deception
d) Failure
D) Failure
A Globe and Mail editorial argued that Canadians should eradicate multiculturalism from their vocabulary and refocus on
a) mathematics.
b) deportation.
c) citizenship.
d) making a melting pot.
c) Citizenship
Which two countries are the most multicultural?
Canada and Australia
Canada’s multiculturalism policy legitimates diversity, provides a sense of inclusion, and provides the _____________________ to help newcomers join the country as full citizens.
a) Support structures
b) Court systems
c) Financial incentives
d) Geopolitical framworks
a) Support structures
What is one of the top three defining features of Canada, according to Canadians polled?
Multiculturalism
How has Europe’s multiculturalism experience been different from Canada’s?
In Europe, rapid demographic change has resulted in cultural clashes and riots that have damaged the idea of multiculturalism. In Canada, immigrants from various ethnicities and cultures tend to (for the most part) live peacefully, work productively, and think positively.
Why is multiculturalism considered a key factor in driving Canada’s success at citizenship integration?
“[Multiculturalism] legitimates diversity, provides a sense of inclusion and, through the multitude of (oft-maligned) government grants given to community-based organizations – not only for multiculturalism but also for a host of integration programs – it provides the support structures to help newcomers join the country as full citizens.”
Why was multiculturalism a “failure in Germany”? What did they do wrong?
In Germany, they didn’t provide enough mechanisms for integration.
What has been happening to Canada’s spending for multiculturalism?
It has been shrinking
The funding decline tracks back to when responsibility for the multiculturalism program moved from the Heritage department to the
Citizenship and Immigration ministry.
What word, rather than multiculturalism, was Jason Kenney “flirting” with to better describe Canada’s diversity?
Pluralism
What has taken a toll on multiculturalism?
The emphasis on security and terrorism
One of the surprises that arose after van Gogh’s murder was that the murderer was a
model of integration.
By 2001, how many in Amsterdam were first- or second-generation immigrants?
46%
List some of the traumas that Hirsi Ali experienced throughout her life.
Hirsi Ali’s father was jailed; she was beaten by a teacher until her skull cracked; she was subjected to female genital mutilation; she was rejected by her family, she was married without her consent, received death threats, etc.
Define the concept of “pillarisation.”
“It is a principle that dates back to the 17th century when Amsterdam was Europe’s busiest mercantile centre and when common sense dictated that, if business were to thrive, religious differences had to be set aside and antagonistic groups kept physically separate. Article 23 of the Dutch constitution, which established rights for the setting up of separate schools and institutions, is itself a central pillar of the Dutch system, and, in the 1960s, was conveniently reinterpreted as the standard of a new multicultural orthodoxy – officially expressed as ‘integration with maintenance of one’s own identity’.”
Why did Hirsi Ali suggest pillarisation needed to be changed in Dutch society?
Pillarisation needs to be changed because its application is responsible for creating pockets of poverty and immigrants who are incapable of learning about the Western way of life. It doesn’t encourage immigrants to improve their language skills or to get further education, and this, in turn, contributes to the increase or stagnation of the unemployment rate and to the fundamental inequality of women in the large Muslim population.
What is the reason behind the introduction of the Quebec Charter of Values legislation?
If the state is neutral religiously, then the employees of the state should be, too.
Which of the following jobs would not be affected by this Quebec Charter of Values legislation?
Private daycare workers and teachers
While some institutions and public organizations may be able to opt out for five years, the following employees would not:
Elementary school teachers, daycare workers, and early-care providers
What is their view on the Quebec Charter of Values.
- Justin Trudeau
- Philippe Couillard
- Thomas Mulcair
- Justin Trudeau thinks that Premier Pauline Marois is trying to play divisive identity politics.
- Philippe Couillard thinks that the Parti Québécois is intently trying to create division.
- Thomas Mulcair doubts that the PQ will be able to pull off such a proposal because it could be unconstitutional.
What is a Coptic Christian?
- a member of the traditional Monophysite Christian church originating and centering in Egypt
- a member of a people descended from the ancient Egyptians
What percentage of the Egyptian population is Coptic Christian?
10%
The Maspero Massacre was a bloodbath coordinated by
the Egyptian state and its armed forces.
How many newcomers does Canada accept every four years?
1 000 000
Within the next 20 years, approximately how much of the Canadian population will be foreign-born?
30%
Increasingly, newcomers to Canada
a. earn more than the previous generations of immigrants.
b. earn less than previous generations of immigrants.
c. earn the same amount as previous generations of immigrants.
d. earn respect from the previous generations of immigrants.
b. earn less than previous generations of immigrants.
Canada’s European allies and our Commonwealth cousins do not say this about multiculturalism:
a. Multiculturalism is the best thing about cities.
b. Multiculturalism is a failed experiment.
c. Multiculturalism is separating peoples.
d. Multiculturalism is weakening national cohesion and encouraging Islamic extremism.
a) Multiculturalism is the best thing about cities.
What is the fastest growing religious group in Canada?
Muslim
What service did Premier Jean Charest introduce, in an attempt to reduce cultural conflict?
a. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
b. National Mental Health service
c. Reasonable-accommodation hotline
d. Whistle-blower hotline
C. Reasonable-accommodation hotline
What did Beverley McLachlin, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, say the darkest times in Canada have been the result of?
“The darkest times in Canada have been the result of attempts to break with accommodation and impose policies that hurt a minority: the destruction of aboriginal families by residential schools, the internment of national minorities during the world wars, and the Chinese head tax.”
Explain the theory “cosmopolitan”
“Cosmopolitism holds that all human beings are linked together by a shared morality. The thinking goes that each human dwells in two communities: the local community of one’s birth, and the larger community of human aspiration.”
What is the ideal personal identity based on, according to Greek philosopher Hierocles?
“The ideal personal identity is based on related concentric circles, beginning with the self and then expanding outward to include circles of family, friends, local community, nation and finally, all of humanity.”
What as the Chinese Head Tax?
Discriminatory tax applied to anyone coming to Canada from China between 1885 and 1923. It was imposed after Canadians felt the Chinese immigrants were taking away their jobs. It was replaced in 1923 by the Exclusion At which barred all Chinese immigrants from Canada until 1947.
The fee made it difficult for Chinese immigrants to come to Canada and separated families as some could only afford to send 1 member
What was the Komagata Maru?
A ship that travelled from Hong Kong to Vancouber in 1914, carrying economic migrants who wanted better living conditions.
The Canadian government Denis their entrance due to the law that was set to keep out Asian immigrants.
The Asian exclusion act was a law that said for a ship to dock in Canada, the ship would have to make a continuous journey from where it started, nearly impossible for the Komagata Maru
What was MT Saint Louis
Jews aboard the ship were denied access to Canada on the eve of WW2 and most ended up in Auschwitz as a result
Explain Peggy’s theory of invisible backpack
Refers to the whore privilege that people of European heritage are automatically endows with in western society. Being white provides you with a number of privileges often without the privileged recognizing it
Whites and men are often willing to accept they non-whites and women are underprivileged but not they they are overpriviliged
How has the position of the state of Israel affected the U.S. Perspectives on the Middle East?
It politicized it. Israel regards itself as a western nation, it is surrounded by Arab nations and views them as hostile. The U.S. Is Israelis main ally and therefore also tends to consider arabs hostile
What does we are the victims of the victims refer to
Palastenians and other Arabs played no part in WW2 and yet they are paying a high price for the creation and expansion of the Israel because in the process, Arab lands are being occupied by Israeli troops.
What percentage of foreign born population did not know either language
6.5
What percentage said they only knew non official languages
0.8
Lost a fact about Margaret meads work
- she studied Samoan youth and learned that the girls there has a more carefree attitude towards life than American girls - this included attitudes towards sexual relations.
Need believed they human behaviour is learned and can be reshape by cultural and environmental interactions
List a fact about Franz Boas work
Cultural differences are not because of race but because of conditions such as geography l, resources Eric
What wre the three phases of a rite of passage
- Separation
- Transition
- Re-integration
Where did the first settlers come from
Sicily
What stands in Malta
The oldest stone temple in Malta, built with no metal tools
What did they find happened with superstitious rituals
It enhances people’s confidence in their abilities, motivated greater effort and improved their performance.
Engaging in rituals mitigates grief caused by both life changing losses such as death and more mundane losses like losing the lottery.
Performing rituals with the intention of producing a certain emotional result appears to be sufficient for the emotional result to come trueS
Aboriginal incarceration rates
- aboriginal inmates are sentences to longer terms and spend more time in segregation and maximum security. They are less likely to be granted parole.
Disproportionate number of aboriginal women in solitary confinement which creates barriers to access to rehabilitation programs. As a result, aboriginal women do not get parolee early. They overreprstend remand serve more time
True or false youth incarceration rates have increased
False they have declined
True or false the first Indian immigrants to Canada came as refugees during mid 20th century
False
List any fact about
May-hui hangs work
Discusses the social scientific idea of modernity in regards to processes of change in modern China
The state of power in China today is both the product of western enlightenment in reason and social engineering
What is polygyny ?
Having more than one wife at a time
What is polygamy?
Having more than one spouse at a time
What is polyandry?
Having more than one husband at a time
According to anthropologists and spiritualists, what si the suggested benefit of participating in rituals?
- Rituals lessen the grief caused by both life-changing losses and more mundane losses.
What was the Chinese Head Tax?
- Discriminatory tax applied to anyone coming to Canada from China between 1885 and 1923. It was imposed after Canadians felt Chinese immigrants were taking work away from non-Chinese workers. It was replaced in 1923 by the Exclusion Act which barred all Chinese immigrants from Canada until 1947.
The fee made it harder to Chinese immigrants to come to Canada and separated families as some could only afford to send one member to Canada.
An apology has since been made with payments to the tax-payers.
What was Komagata Maru?
The S.S. Komagata Maru was a ship that travelled from Hong Kong to Vancouver in 1914, carrying economic migrants who did not like their living conditions back in India.
The Komagata Maru incident was an incident in which the Canadian government denied their entrance to enter Vancouver. Upon reaching Vancouver, the Komagata Maru was denied entry with all its passengers due to the exclusion law set by Canada as a way to keep out Asian immigrants.
They were denied food, and water during the two months they spent waiting.
The Komagata Maru incident was an incident in which the Canadian government denied their entrance to enter Vancouver. Upon reaching Vancouver, the Komagata Maru was denied entry with all its passengers due to the exclusion law set by Canada as a way to keep out Asian immigrants. The Asian Exclusion Act was a law that said for a ship to dock in Canada, the ship would have to make a continuous journey from where it started all the way to the country. This meant that ships would not be able to make a detour if they wanted to be able to enter Canada, which would be nearly impossible for the Komagata Maru.
Who was MS St Louis
Jews aboard the ship were denied access to Canada on he eve of World War II; most ended up in Auscwitz as a result.
Internment of Japanese Canadian during WW2
Canadian gov’t took their personal property and sold it without their consent. This forced many to return to japan even after the atomic bombs are dropped and the war was over. Italian Canadians and German Canadians were not treated in the same manner; Although canada was also at war with the countries of origin.
Explain Peggy McItonish’s theory of “Invisible Backpack”
The Invisible Backpack refers to the white privilege that people of European heritage are automatically endowed. with in Western society.
In Western society,y being white provides you with a number of privileges, often without the privileged recognizing it.
Whites and men are often willing to accept that non-whites/women are underprivileged, but not that they are overprivileged.
Some of the points in Peggy’s essay include:
- I can if I wish arrange to be in the company of people of my race most of the time
- If I should need to move, I can be pretty sure of renting or purchasing housing in an area which I can afford and in which I would want to live
- I can be pretty sure that my neighbours in such a location that will be neutral and pleasant to me
- I can go shopping alone most of the time, pretty sure that I wont be harrassed or followed
- I can turn n the TV or open up a magazine and see people of my race widely represented
- I can swear, or dress in second hand clothes, or not answer letters, without having people attribute these choices to the bad morals, the poverty or the illiteracy of my race.
- I am not made acutely aware that my shape, bearing or body odor will be taken as a reflection on my race.
How are the British and French perspectives on the Orient or Middle East different from that of the U.S.?
The British and French were actual occupiers and had colonies there for hundreds of years. They have direct, relational experience with Middle Eastern culture. The U.S. experience is less direct. Until the relatively recent wars of the 21st century, America had never been an occupier of a Middle Eastern state.
How has the position of the state of Israel affected the U.S. perspective on the Middle East?
It politicizes it. Israel regards itself as a “Western” nation. It is surrounded by Arab nations and views them as hostile. The U.S. is Israel’s main ally in the world, and therefore also tends to consider Arabs hostile.
What does “We are the victims of the victims” refer to?
Palestinians and other Arabs played no part in WWII or the Holocaust, and yet, they are paying a high price for the creation and expansion of Israel because (in the process) Arab lands are being occupied by Israeli troops/settlers, and Arab homes are being razed to the ground.
Said envisions a world where Israeli Jews, Arab Muslims, and Arab Christians could _______________ on a land that is significant to all three of these religions.
coexist without violence
What percentage of the foreign-born population did not know either of Canada’s two official languages?
6.5
What percentage of immigrants had knowledge of at least three languages?
19.9%
What percentage said they only knew non-official languages?
0.8%
By what percentage did the affiliation with Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, or Buddhist religions rise since the 2001 Census?
4.9
What was Marshall McLuhan’s big idea?
McLuhan’s big idea was to spot that the word “medium” has many different meanings.
The important thing about the media is not the information being conveyed, but what they are doing to us in terms of shaping our behaviour.
The conventional one is that a medium is a channel for communicating information – which is why much discussion about media up to his time focused on the content that was being conveyed by print, radio and television
on. But there is another, equally significant, interpretation. To a biologist, a medium is an environment containing the nutrients in which tissue cultures – organisms – grow. Change the medium and you change the organisms. Our communications media likewise constitute the environment which sustains, nurtures – or constrains – our culture. And if the medium changes, then so does the culture. The medium is far more than the message, in other words. In fact, it’s all we’ve got.
What is Nicholas Carr’s “big idea”?
- The internet is becoming a universal medium and although it has a number of advantages, these advantages come at a price because although they supply the information we need, it changes the way in which we view or process this information. We no longer concentrate or contemplate articles in the same way that we used to.
- Although we may be reading an article, we don’t absorb the message like we used to – many times we only skim the readings.
- Our ability to interpret text, and make connection seems very disengaged.
- Nietzsche, for example, when his vision was failing, bought a typewriter which allowed him to continue writing. However, one of his friends noticed a change in the style of his writing as it became more “tense”. They came to the conclusion that the writing equipment plays a huge part in the formation of our thoughts.
List any single fact about Margaret Mead’s work
Mead’s first major work titled Coming of Age in Samoa, studied Samoan youth, and learned that the girls there had a more laissez-faire attitude towards life than American girls. She noted that Samoan females of this time had a much more carefree approach to sexual relations and often delayed marriage.
A cornerstone to Margaret Mead’s theory was the belief that human behaviour is learned and can be reshaped by cultural and environmental interactions.
List any single fact about Franz Boas’s work.
He made the argument that cultural differences was not because of race, but instead a particular set of conditions such as geography, resources, etc.
List any single fact about Mayfair Mei-Hui Yang’s work.
Yang discusses the social scientific idea of modernity in regards to processes of change in modern China.
She further explains that “state power in China today is both the product of western Enlightenment optimism in reason, social engineering… and “modernization”, in addition to the wave of “an older, native rationality of the state.”
What are the three phases of a Rite of Passage?
- Separation - an initiate is separated in some way from his former life. During the separation phase, part of the old self is extinguished as the initiate prepares to create a new identity.
- Transition - The initiate is between worlds-no longer part of his old life but not yet fully inducted into his new one. He is taught the knowledge needed to become a full member of that group.
- Re-integration - , the initiate, having passed the tests necessary and proving himself worthy, is re-introduced into his community, which recognizes and honors his new status within the group.
Name a country that is looking at avenues other than economic growth to improve their citizens’ well-being and connection to their communities.
The government and the financial business sector of the Netherlands implemented policies to reduce working hours among its employees. The effect on the overall employment rate and the development of innovative eco-friendly production are two examples of how this initiative has encouraged intrinsic values.
The Middle East: Egypt and Mesopotamia. What modern skills emerged from this culture?
Writing emerged in 3100BCE, as did mathematics and architecture.
Where did the first settlers come from?
Sicily
What stands in Malta?
The oldest stone temple in Malta . The temple was built 1000 years before the first stone step pyramids in Egypt and was built with no metal tools.
What were the results of the superstitious rituals
The superstitious rituals enhanced people’s confidence in their abilities, motivated greater effort – and improved subsequent performance. These findings are consistent with research in sport psychology: They demonstrate the performance benefits of pre-performance routines, from improving attention and execution to increasing emotional stability and confidence
The results given in the article suggest that engaging in rituals mitigates grief caused by both life-changing losses (such as the death of a loved one) and more mundane ones (losing a lottery).
performing rituals with the intention of producing a certain emotional result appears to be sufficient for the emotional result to come true.
Explain Aboriginal Incarceration rates
Aboriginal inmates are sentenced to longer terms, and spend more time in segregation and maximum security. They are less likely to be granted parole and are more likely to have parole revoked for minor problems.
We are still seeing a disproportionate number of aboriginal women in solitary confinement, which creates barriers to access to rehabilitation programs. As a result, aboriginal women in corrections do not get paroled early, if at all. Not only are they over-represented, they are serving more time.
TRUE OR FALSE You are more likely to be charged by the police if you are a female youth in Canada.
FALSE Females only account for 21 percent of the charges by police. Male youth account for 79 percent of the charges.
TRUE OR FALSE Youth incarceration rates have increased in Canada.
False - they have declined
TRUE OR FALSE The first Indian immigrants to Canada came as refugees during the mid-20th century.
FALSE
