Actual Exam

Question 1

What is culture?

Answer 1

Culture focuses more deeply on beliefs, traditions, and inter-generational learning.

• The agreed definition of culture is “culture is the full range of learned human behaviour patterns”.
• The term was first used by Edward B. Tylor in his book in 1971. He said that culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
• Culture is a powerful but fragile because it is constantly changing and easily lost because it exists only in our minds. Our written languages, governments, buildings and other man-made things are merely the products of culture - they are not culture in themselves.

Question 2

What are the three layers or levels of culture?

Answer 2

1. Your specific society (shared language, societal traditions etc.)
2. Subculture - In diverse societies in which people have come from many different parts of the world, they often retain much of their original cultural traditions. As a result, they are likely to be part of an identifiable subculture in their new society. An example pf a nearly vanished subculture in Canada is Irish and German subcultures.
3. Cultural Universals -These are learned behaviour patterns that are shared by all of humanity collectively, no matter where people live in the world. For example, communicating with a verbal language consisting of a limited set of sounds and grammatical rules for constructing sentences or using age and gender to classify people

Question 3

How does this quote by Wade Davis: “The world in which you were born is just one model of reality. Other cultures are not failed attempts at being you; they are unique manifestations of the human spirit” contradict the concept of competing cultures?

Answer 3

Culture is a construct, or a creation. They are different ways of knowing and being, not inherently better or worse than one another.

Question 4

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 4

It is the belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture. 2. A tendency to view alien groups or cultures from the perspective of one’s own.

Question 5

What is the ethnosphere?

Answer 5

Ethnosphere: All that we are and all that we can be. The imaginings and contributions of all of humanity to our planet.

Question 6

What shocking numbers which pertain to languages and affect the world’s ethnosphere?

Answer 6

Fifty years ago, there were 6000 languages. Now there are only 3000.

Question 7

What does Wade Davis say the 20th century will be known for?

Answer 7

The 20th century will be known as the era during which we stood by and watched the massive destruction of both biological and cultural diversity on the planet.

Question 8

What is the “problem”? Not change or technology. It is a problem of ________.

Answer 8

Power

Question 9

Genocide is universally reviled, but ethnocide is celebrated as a “_________.” How does the concept of ethnocentrism fit in here?

Answer 9

Ethnocide is celebrated as a “development strategy.”
If one culture considers itself superior to other cultures, and the people of that culture possess more power, they will erase other, less “worthwhile” cultures and see it as “no big deal” since they are better anyway.

Question 10

What is a norm?

Answer 10

A standard model, or pattern regarded as typical: the current middle-class norm of two children per family.

Question 11

What is a big idea?

Answer 11

Big idea: a word or major topic that is well defined, or has several examples provided to ensure the reader understands the key concept associated with it.

Question 12

What are some of the big ideas in Bell Hook’s book?

Answer 12

• Sexual liberation
• Chores around the house
• Genuine respect for one another
• Her beliefs align with those in the “conflict theory”

Question 13

What is structural functionalism?

Answer 13

• the theory which states that society is a system that has many parts that function together.
• Cultural norms help a society function more smoothly and cultural values help people make choices about things such as how long to stay in school, when to get married, who to marry, etc.
• Structural functionalists see crime as inevitable and therefore the function of police is to take care of this part of society.
• Another way to see this theory is as a body. The body is the society and all the organs, limbs, and so on, are the structures that work together to ensure the body operates properly.

Question 14

How do structural functionalists view the institution of marriage?

Answer 14

It is important to keep society running smoothly. Monogamous partnerships produce children who “belong” to a family unit. These partnerships allow the children to be cared for. Structural functionalists see the family as the most appropriate structure to care for children and organize society.

Question 15

What is the conflict theory?

Answer 15

• The theory which states that society is operating as a series of conflicts, mostly between classes (wealthy and poor).
• It rejects the current norms, unlike the structural functionalists who see society as a system whose parts work well together.
• Conflict theorists view society as unequal, and requiring change to move toward equality. This perspective emphasizes a critique of capitalism (market- and money-driven economies) and patriarchal – male dominated – societies, both of which are norms in modern western society. In extreme cases, conflict theory proposes the overthrowing of society to create new norms.

Question 16

How would a conflict theorist view the institution of marriage?

Answer 16

In today’s world, marriage is based on domination and control. Women are the property of men. Women are used for child-bearing. Society needs to change its definition of marriage, or get rid of it entirely, in order for society to function in a healthier way.

Question 17

What is symbolic interactionism?

Answer 17

• The theory which states that both of the above theoretical perspectives are too broad because they leave out the individual’s perspective.
• This theory argues that people interpret symbols in society in their own personal ways.
• It is important to understand how individuals perceive and make sense of the world around them according to their unique character traits and experiences.
• An example of that notion could be how one person may view a wooden spoon as a kitchen tool and how another may associate it with a beating from childhood. Individuals interact with symbols and attach their own meaning to them.

Question 18

What is cultural materialism?

Answer 18

Its an anthropological school of thought

-States that the best way to understand human culture is to examine material conditions – climate, food supply, geography, etc.

Question 19

Who is Edward Said?

Answer 19

• A Palestinian-American who is the thinker behind the theory of Orientalism – the demonization of Islam in the news and popular culture as fanatical, extreme, and violent
• The way in which Arabs are portrayed is dangerous and it is a distortion. Arabs are portrayed as different from westerners and threatening.
• This demonization dehumanizes Arabs

Question 20

What is the longest-running military occupation of the 20th century?

Answer 20

Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip territories is the longest running military occupation of the 20th century.

Question 21

What is propaganda?

Answer 21

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view

Question 22

What is statistics?

Answer 22

Statistic: the mathematics of the collection, organization, and interpretation of numerical data, especially the analysis of population characteristics by inference from sampling

Question 23

Amongst the G8 countries, how does Canada rank on immigration?

Answer 23

• Among the G8 countries, Canada had the highest proportion of foreign-born population (20.6%), followed by Germany (13.0% in 2010) and the United States (12.9% in 2010).
• Outside the G8 nations, Canada’s proportion of foreign-born was lower than that of Australia (26.8% in 2010), one of the major immigrant-receiving countries
• There was a 0.8% increase of foreign-born individuals in Canada from 2006 to 2011.

Question 24

What is ethnic origin?

Answer 24

• It another aspect of the nation’s ethno cultural diversity. Ethnic origin refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the respondent’s ancestors.
• The ethnic origin most often reported was Canadian, cited by about 10,563,800 people, either alone or with other origins
• More than 200 ethnic origins have been reported

Question 25

Visible Minorities

Answer 25

In 2011, visible minorities represented 19.1% of Canada’s total population, compared with 16.2% in the 2006 Census. The difference is 2.9%.

• The three largest visible minority groups are South Asians, Chinese, and Blacks.

Question 26

Religion in Canada

Answer 26

67.3% in Canada identify with Christianity

The affiliation with Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, or Buddhist religions has rose by 4.9%

Question 27

Canada Citizenship:

Answer 27

78. 3% of the population is Canadian by birth

- Second generation includes individuals who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born outside Canada.

Question 28

Why are statistics inaccurate?

Answer 28

To make changes based on this incomplete, or flawed, data could be problematic, as it does not accurately reflect the characteristics of the total Canadian population.

Question 29

Who was Marshall McLuhan?

Answer 29

• Canadian theorist.
• His phrase “the medium is the message” and his further commentary on the media is now infamous, and seemingly as relevant as ever.
• His big idea was : The important thing about the media is not the information being conveyed, but what they are doing to us in terms of shaping our behaviour.

Question 30

Summarize the argument that is put forward for NOT allowing the hijab and then one FOR allowing the Hijab to be worn as part of the police uniform.

Answer 30

AGAINST:

Wearing a standard uniform reflects a fairness of treatment or an even application of a rule, and there should not be exceptions for a particular heritage or perspective. For instance, should a farmer, surfer, Goth, Rastafarian, or nudist apply their heritage/perspective to a police uniform? Many would argue that those uniform modifications would undermine the police force’s authority.

• The practicality argument which stats that scarves are seen as unfitted, dysfunctional, and improper. Wearing a hijab could downgrade standardization and connect government authority to a specific religious group.

Question 31

What could be one consequence of this unequal distribution of power with regards to how Muslims express their identity?

Answer 31

This unequal distribution of power could contribute to Muslims feeling the need to build their own identity as a symbol of resistance to domination and oppression.

Question 32

There appear to be several reasons why Muslims seem resistant to submit to Christian/Jewish/pre-modern values and symbols. Can you give at least one of them?

Answer 32

Muslims experience a lack of recognition and respect in places with a heavy Judeo-Christian tradition (Europe and the Americas)

Question 33

What is a fundamentalist viewpoint?

Answer 33

The fundamentalist viewpoint is usually based on a literal or conservative interpretation or a holy book or other ancient text. A fundamental argument held by any group would place the sex, race, group, or religion identified as the “other” in a position where it would be hemmed in by the basic principles upon which it relies. It would never evolve, it would be seen as incapable of making progress, of gaining knowledge, or getting any better because it is fundamentally bound by evil or ignorant principles. Fundamentalism promotes the adherence to strict, traditional, and unchangeable beliefs, to the basis of the idea or doctrine that it serves.

Question 34

This theorist first studied the idea of culture in anthropology.

Answer 34

Edward B. Tylor

Question 35

Theorist - The medium shapes us and affects our understanding of the message.

Answer 35

Marshall McLuhan

Question 36

This theorist spoke about what role does gender play in our understanding of an issue?

Answer 36

Gayle Rubin

Question 37

Theorist - Does using Google or surfing the Internet affect our brains and how we process information?

Answer 37

Nicholas Carr

Question 38

Theorist - An individual from the Middle East is judged, in North America, through the lens of Orientalism.

Answer 38

Edward Said

Question 39

Theorist - Our understanding of marriage and the role of a wife within a marriage is a cultural construction.

Answer 39

Anne Kingston or bell hooks

Question 40

Name two aspects of “unseen culture.”

Answer 40

Ideas and religious beliefs; social values; political values; economic values; norms; and social mores.

Question 41

Name two aspects of “seen culture.”

Answer 41

language and communication; daily life, customs; material evidence (food, clothing, buildings, tools); traditions and heritage; artistic expression; and groups and institutions.

Question 42

What is a rite of passage?

Answer 42

a ritual performed in some cultures at times when an individual changes status (as from adolescence to adulthood)

Question 43

What is a ritual?

Answer 43

a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order

For example, in the Maasai Mara region of Africa, young boys are sent on a lion hunt. Jewish youths celebrate a religious ceremony, known as a bar or bat mitzvah, for their 13th birthday.

Question 44

Define the term “menarche”

Answer 44

The word menarche comes from the Greek words mene, which means moon, and arche, which means beginning. It marks the beginning moon, the first menstruation, or first moon.

Question 45

What are the four types of female genital mutilation?

Answer 45

1. Clitoridectomy: partial or total removal of the clitoris and, in very rare cases, only the prepuce (the fold of skin surrounding the clitoris)
2. Excision: partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia.
3. Infibulation: narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal. The seal is formed by cutting and repositioning the inner, or outer, labia, with or without removal of the clitoris
4. Other modifications: These include all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterizing the genital area.

Question 46

What is a Patriarchy?

Answer 46

social organization marked by the supremacy of the father in the clan or family, the legal dependence of wives and children, and the reckoning of descent and inheritance in the male line; broadly: control by men of a disproportionately large share of power

• social system in which males hold primary power, predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property;

Question 47

What is a Matriarchy?

Answer 47

a system of social organization in which descent and inheritance are traced through the female line; a social system in which familial and political authority is wielded by women

Question 48

What is a Nuclear family?

Answer 48

a social unit composed of two parents and one or more “children”

Question 49

What is a Kinship group?

Answer 49

a person’s family and relations

Question 50

What is an Extended family?

Answer 50

a kinship group consisting of a family nucleus and close relatives, such as grandparents, usually living in one household and functioning as a unit

Question 51

What is a Blended family?

Answer 51

a family composed of a couple and their children from previous marriages

Question 52

What is exogamy?

Answer 52

the custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribe.

Question 53

What is Endogamy?

Answer 53

Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or social group, rejecting others on such a basis as being unsuitable for marriage or for other close personal relationships.

Question 54

What is a Patrilocality?

Answer 54

the females moving to the location of the males

Question 55

What is a kinship network?

Answer 55

A relation between two or more persons that is based on common ancestry (descent) or marriage (affinity).

• Extended group or family joined together by marriage

Question 56

Why are the practices of exogamy and patrilocality important to building a family?

Answer 56

Exogamy and patrilocality are important to avoid inbreeding and to forge kinship networks with other communities.

Question 57

What is the difference between an individualistic culture and a collectivist culture?

Answer 57

• An individualistic culture tends to give priority to independence and the pursuit of individual achievement.
• A collectivist culture places more of an emphasis on the individual contributing to the well-being of the family and community. As a result, these values and beliefs will likely shape parents and their interaction with their children and their parenting style.
• In collectivist countries, parents tend to promote values such as helpfulness, conformity, and interdependence within their family (Darling & Steinberg, 1993). Child outcomes will also likely be affected because each culture will have different goals and expectations of their citizens and the children will be socialized under different conditions.

Question 58

What is an Authoritative parent?

Answer 58

In the authoritarian parenting style, a clear hierarchy is established within the family and the child’s own needs or wishes are not an emphasis. Individuality amongst the children is not a focus or goal, but respect for parents is
- emphasizes setting high standards, being nurturing and responsive, and showing respect for children as independent, rational beings. The authoritative parent expects maturity and cooperation, and offers children lots of emotional support.

Question 59

What is an Authoritarian parent?

Answer 59

This type of parent demands a sort of blind obedience from their children.

Question 60

What is Filial piety?

Answer 60

the virtue of total respect for the family, especially the elders

Question 61

True or False? In natural selection, it may, under some circumstances, be better for children to abandon or kill their parents, and for the parents to abandon or kill their children.

Answer 61

TRUE

Question 62

True or False? In cultures lacking written records of history, song, and other forms of culture, older people are invaluable sources of information.

Answer 62

TRUE

Question 63

True or False? In the U.S., old people live with their children, and it is convenient to take care of your parents.

Answer 63

FALSE

Question 64

True or False? Confucian tradition places a high value on filial piety, obedience, and respect.

Answer 64

TRUE

Question 65

True or False? Modernization has led to a strengthening of traditions.

Answer 65

FALSE

Question 66

True or False? The American Protestant work ethic holds that if you are no longer working, you have lost the main value that society places on you.

Answer 66

TRUE

Question 67

True or False? Modern literacy (books, the Internet) enhances the usefulness of an elder’s wisdom.

Answer 67

FALSE

Question 68

True or False? Traditional nomadic tribes carry their elderly during their unrelenting travels.

Answer 68

FALSE

Question 69

True or False? Many societies treat their elderly worse than Americans do.

Answer 69

FALSE

Question 70

True or False? Paraguay’s Aché Indians assign certain young men the task of killing old people with an ax or spear, or burying them alive.

Answer 70

TRUE

Question 71

What are Demographics?

Answer 71

a single vital or social statistic of a human population, as the number of births or deaths

Question 72

This term denotes the modern connotation of “old.”

Answer 72

Useless

Question 73

There will be 300 million people over the age of 60 by 2025 in this country.

Answer 73

China

Question 74

Society should respect the social value of the aged and provide more activities for them, and care for them.

Answer 74

This is a part of a proposal made in China to effectively cope with the aging society.

Question 75

There will be 80 000 people over the age of 80 by 2033 in this country.

Answer 75

Britain

Question 76

What is Autonomy?

Answer 76

Independence or freedom, as of the will or one’s actions

Question 77

True or False? Ethnic minorities compose 1/4 of the U.S. population.

Answer 77

False - they compose 1/3

Question 78

True or False?The U.S. model of health care is autonomous.

Answer 78

True

Question 79

True or False? There is an emphasis on “truth telling” in non-U.S. cultures when it comes to serious illnesses.

Answer 79

False Truth telling” is a value of the U.S. health care system. Concealment of serious illnesses is common in other cultures because disclosure of serious illnesses may sometimes be viewed as disrespectful, impolite, or even harmful to the patient.

Question 80

What is a Transition Town (or city, or village) movement?

Answer 80

a grassroots network of communities that are working to build resilience in response to peak oil, climate change, and economic instability.

Transition Town movement aims to raise awareness about sustainable living and to create communities that are more ecologically resilient, with a focus on the reduction of energy consumption and the lessening of the dependency of fossil fuels.

‘Honoring the elders’ is one of the key original ingredients of creating a Transition Town (or city, or village).

Question 81

What is peak oil?

Answer 81

the point in time when the global production of oil will reach its maximum rate, after which production will gradually decline.

Question 82

What is a Transition Network?

Answer 82

a UK-based charity founded to disseminate the concept of Transition and support towns around the world as they adopt the Transition model.

Question 83

What are the five distinct stages necessary to the process of Transition?

Answer 83

1. Starting Out - Takes you from Transition being just an idea or an aspiration to it being something that is underway. Ingredients include “Inclusion and diversity” and “Creating a space for inner Transition.”
2. Deepening - Transition initiative will build momentum and practical projects will emerge. Ingredients include: : “The Great Reskilling” and “How we communicate.”
3. Connecting
4. Building
5. Daring to Dream

Question 84

What is Capitalism? Name four characteristics.

Answer 84

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

• Business capital is privately owned
• Buyers and sellers control the economy
• People have free will to spend money or sell goods and services.
• In a capitalist system, the government regulates and supervises prices.

Question 85

What is Consumerism?

Answer 85

(1) The belief that it is good for people to spend a lot of money on goods and services;
(2) the actions of people who spend a lot of money on goods and services

Question 86

What is Materialism? What could minimize the impact of materialism?

Answer 86

A way of thinking that gives too much importance to material possessions rather than to spiritual or intellectual things

Adopting the concept of a Plenitude economy - that gives people more time away from work, expanded opportunities for low impact economic activity- will diminish the focus on endless growth and production, and the depletion of the world’s resources. This will in turn change how people live their lives and spend their time.

Question 87

What are some of the key indicators of income inequality?

Answer 87

Societies (including provinces, states, and nations) with greater inequality also have greater child mortality, shorter lifespan, increased mental health issues, a general lack of trust, and a general feeling of being unsafe.

Question 88

What is the definition of “Affluence”?

Answer 88

(1) an abundant flow or supply – profusion

(2) Abundance of property – wealth

Question 89

What is Cultural diffusion?

Answer 89

the spread of cultural elements from one area or group of people to others by contact

Question 90

Where are the earliest beginnings of humankind?

Answer 90

Africa

Question 91

What is the Neolithic Age characterized by?

Answer 91

Permanent settlements, animal domestication, and farming

Question 92

What are the four main uses of rituals?

Answer 92

1. They give time-structure to our lives on daily, weekly, and annual levels.
2. They assist and encourage the formation of trust and community between people.
3. They give shape to public expressions of powerful emotions: expressions of grief, as at funerals; and of joy, as at weddings, graduations, birthdays, and anniversaries.
4. They help to reorient and stabilize our own feelings when we need to comprehend and cope with crucial life passages.

Question 93

What are the elements of rituals?

Answer 93

The main elements of a ritual are spaces and objects such as candles and lamps, fire, water etc.

Although there is no scientific proof that they do work, performing rituals with the intention of producing a certain emotional result appears to be sufficient for the emotional result to come true.

Question 94

What are simpatias?

Answer 94

It is formulaic rituals that are used for solving problems such as quitting smoking, curing asthma, and warding off bad luck. People perceive simpatias to be more effective depending on the number of steps involved, the repetition of procedures, and whether the steps are performed at a specified time.

Question 95

What is a stereotype? What is prejudice? What is discrimination?

Answer 95

A stereotype is a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing: sexual and racial stereotypes

A prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual’s membership of a social group.
For example, a person may hold prejudiced views towards a certain race or gender.

Discrimination is the behaviour or actions, usually negative, towards an individual or group of people, especially on the basis of sex/race/social class, etc.

The notable difference between prejudice and discrimination is that prejudice is a thought. Discrimination is an action. Just because you don’t act in a way that might be considered racist or sexist doesn’t mean that you don’t think that way

Question 96

What is Privilege?

Answer 96

a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to one person or group of people.

Question 97

True or False:Men are often willing to grant that women are underprivileged but not that they are overprivileged.

Answer 97

TRUE

Question 98

True or False: Taboos surround the subject of the advantage that men have as a result of women’s disadvantage.

Answer 98

TRUE

Question 99

True or False: Whites are carefully taught to recognize their white privilege.

Answer 99

FALSE

Question 100

True or False: White privilege is an invisible package of unearned assets.

Answer 100

TRUE

Question 101

True or False: Women of colour never see white women as oppressive.

Answer 101

FALSE

Question 102

True or False: Whites are taught to think of their lives as morally neutral, normative, average, and also ideal.

Answer 102

TRUE

Question 103

True or False: In 2009 in the United States, African-American men were seven times more likely to be incarcerated than white males.

Answer 103

TRUE

Question 104

True or False: In 2009, Hispanic men were five times more likely to be incarcerated than white males.

Answer 104

FALSE They were 2.5 times more likely to be incarcerated than white males.

Question 105

True or False: In 2009, African-American women were incarcerated at higher rates than African-American men.

Answer 105

FALSE African-American women were 3.5 times more likely to be imprisoned than white women. African-American men were seven times more likely to be imprisoned than a white man.

Question 106

True or False: In 2009, Hispanic women were incarcerated 1.5 times more often than white women.

Answer 106

TRUE

Question 107

True or False: According to the data available, incarceration rates in Canada have increased from 2004/5 to 2005/06.

Answer 107

TRUE They have gone from 120 per 100 000 in 2004/05 to 131 per 100 000 in 2005/06.

Question 108

True or False: Aboriginal adults are underrepresented in Canadian jails.

Answer 108

FALSE Aboriginal people make up approximately four percent of the Canadian population, but represent 24 percent of the prison population.

Question 109

What is Genocide?

Answer 109

The deliberate killing of a large group of people, esp. those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Question 110

Residential Schools in Canada - Genocide

Answer 110

The residential school system existed from the 1870s until the 1990s and saw about 150,000 native youth taken from their families and sent to church-run schools under a deliberate policy of “civilizing” First Nations. Many students were physically, mentally and sexually abused. Some committed suicide or died fleeing their schools. Mortality rates reached 50 per cent at some schools.

. In Canada the “Indian Act” legislated the elimination of parental power of First Nations people. Their children were removed from their homes and forced into the now well-proven abusive residential school system.

At the Nuremberg trials, a crucial point was made - Article II (a): Killing members of the group intended to be destroyed

That aboriginal people were deliberately killed in the residential schools is confirmed by eyewitness testimonies, government records and statements of Indian agents and tribal elders. [It is also strongly suggested by the fact that the mortality level in residential schools averaged 40 percent, or more than 50,000 native children across Canada. The death rate for the 1,537 children in Dr. Peter Bryce’s survey of 15 schools was 24 percent.

As the Genocide Convention and the Nuremburg Principles make clear, creating the conditions that will kill off even one sector of a group of people is not only genocide, but is considered to be intentional killing, since an entire institutional system is at work to destroy that group.

The residential schools were structured like concentration camps, on a hierarchical military basis under the absolute control of a Principal appointed jointly by church and state,

Question 111

Zionism:

Answer 111

an international movement originally for the establishment of a Jewish national or religious community in Palestine and later for the support of modern Israel

Question 112

Right of Return:

Answer 112

refers to a principle of international law, codified in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, giving any person the right to return to, and re-enter, his or her country of origin. This principle is sometimes reflected in special consideration in a country’s immigration laws (called “repatriation”) which facilitate or encourage the reunion of a diaspora.

Question 113

The Green Line:

Answer 113

It was the line of demarcation that more than 60 years ago formed the de facto border between the new state of Israel and its Arab neighbors – Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Egypt, at the time all enemies of the Jewish state.

The line was in place for nearly two decades, until June 1967, when Israel and its Arab neighbors fought yet another war — for a brief but pivotal six days — in which Israel captured significant portions of Arab-held territory.

Those pre-1967 boundaries are a tripwire in the rhetoric and realpolitik over how to achieve peace between Israel, Palestinians and the wider Arab world. In a 2011 speech on the Middle East, President Obama included this statement: “The borders of Israel and Palestine should be based on the 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps, so that secure and recognized borders are established for both states.”

Question 114

Multiculturalism:

Answer 114

the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can coexist peacefully and equitably in a single country.

Question 115

German Chancellor Angela Merkel recently made headlines when she pronounced multiculturalism in Germany a ______-

a) Holiday
b) Success
c) Deception
d) Failure

Answer 115

D) Failure

Question 116

A Globe and Mail editorial argued that Canadians should eradicate multiculturalism from their vocabulary and refocus on

a) mathematics.
b) deportation.
c) citizenship.
d) making a melting pot.

Answer 116

c) Citizenship

Question 117

Which two countries are the most multicultural?

Answer 117

Canada and Australia

Question 118

Canada’s multiculturalism policy legitimates diversity, provides a sense of inclusion, and provides the _____________________ to help newcomers join the country as full citizens.

a) Support structures
b) Court systems
c) Financial incentives
d) Geopolitical framworks

Answer 118

a) Support structures

Question 119

What is one of the top three defining features of Canada, according to Canadians polled?

Answer 119

Multiculturalism

Question 120

How has Europe’s multiculturalism experience been different from Canada’s?

Answer 120

In Europe, rapid demographic change has resulted in cultural clashes and riots that have damaged the idea of multiculturalism. In Canada, immigrants from various ethnicities and cultures tend to (for the most part) live peacefully, work productively, and think positively.

Question 121

Why is multiculturalism considered a key factor in driving Canada’s success at citizenship integration?

Answer 121

“[Multiculturalism] legitimates diversity, provides a sense of inclusion and, through the multitude of (oft-maligned) government grants given to community-based organizations – not only for multiculturalism but also for a host of integration programs – it provides the support structures to help newcomers join the country as full citizens.”

Question 122

Why was multiculturalism a “failure in Germany”? What did they do wrong?

Answer 122

In Germany, they didn’t provide enough mechanisms for integration.

Question 123

What has been happening to Canada’s spending for multiculturalism?

Answer 123

It has been shrinking

Question 124

The funding decline tracks back to when responsibility for the multiculturalism program moved from the Heritage department to the

Answer 124

Citizenship and Immigration ministry.

Question 125

What word, rather than multiculturalism, was Jason Kenney “flirting” with to better describe Canada’s diversity?

Answer 125

Pluralism

Question 126

What has taken a toll on multiculturalism?

Answer 126

The emphasis on security and terrorism

Question 127

One of the surprises that arose after van Gogh’s murder was that the murderer was a

Answer 127

model of integration.

Question 128

By 2001, how many in Amsterdam were first- or second-generation immigrants?

Answer 128

46%

Question 129

List some of the traumas that Hirsi Ali experienced throughout her life.

Answer 129

Hirsi Ali’s father was jailed; she was beaten by a teacher until her skull cracked; she was subjected to female genital mutilation; she was rejected by her family, she was married without her consent, received death threats, etc.

Question 130

Define the concept of “pillarisation.”

Answer 130

“It is a principle that dates back to the 17th century when Amsterdam was Europe’s busiest mercantile centre and when common sense dictated that, if business were to thrive, religious differences had to be set aside and antagonistic groups kept physically separate. Article 23 of the Dutch constitution, which established rights for the setting up of separate schools and institutions, is itself a central pillar of the Dutch system, and, in the 1960s, was conveniently reinterpreted as the standard of a new multicultural orthodoxy – officially expressed as ‘integration with maintenance of one’s own identity’.”

Question 131

Why did Hirsi Ali suggest pillarisation needed to be changed in Dutch society?

Answer 131

Pillarisation needs to be changed because its application is responsible for creating pockets of poverty and immigrants who are incapable of learning about the Western way of life. It doesn’t encourage immigrants to improve their language skills or to get further education, and this, in turn, contributes to the increase or stagnation of the unemployment rate and to the fundamental inequality of women in the large Muslim population.

Question 132

What is the reason behind the introduction of the Quebec Charter of Values legislation?

Answer 132

If the state is neutral religiously, then the employees of the state should be, too.

Question 133

Which of the following jobs would not be affected by this Quebec Charter of Values legislation?

Answer 133

Private daycare workers and teachers

Question 134

While some institutions and public organizations may be able to opt out for five years, the following employees would not:

Answer 134

Elementary school teachers, daycare workers, and early-care providers

Question 135

What is their view on the Quebec Charter of Values.

• Justin Trudeau
• Philippe Couillard
• Thomas Mulcair

Answer 135

• Justin Trudeau thinks that Premier Pauline Marois is trying to play divisive identity politics.
• Philippe Couillard thinks that the Parti Québécois is intently trying to create division.
• Thomas Mulcair doubts that the PQ will be able to pull off such a proposal because it could be unconstitutional.

Question 136

What is a Coptic Christian?

Answer 136

1. a member of the traditional Monophysite Christian church originating and centering in Egypt
2. a member of a people descended from the ancient Egyptians

Question 137

What percentage of the Egyptian population is Coptic Christian?

Answer 137

10%

Question 138

The Maspero Massacre was a bloodbath coordinated by

Answer 138

the Egyptian state and its armed forces.

Question 139

How many newcomers does Canada accept every four years?

Answer 139

1 000 000

Question 140

Within the next 20 years, approximately how much of the Canadian population will be foreign-born?

Answer 140

30%

Question 141

Increasingly, newcomers to Canada

a. earn more than the previous generations of immigrants.
b. earn less than previous generations of immigrants.
c. earn the same amount as previous generations of immigrants.
d. earn respect from the previous generations of immigrants.

Answer 141

b. earn less than previous generations of immigrants.

Question 142

Canada’s European allies and our Commonwealth cousins do not say this about multiculturalism:

a. Multiculturalism is the best thing about cities.
b. Multiculturalism is a failed experiment.
c. Multiculturalism is separating peoples.
d. Multiculturalism is weakening national cohesion and encouraging Islamic extremism.

Answer 142

a) Multiculturalism is the best thing about cities.

Question 143

What is the fastest growing religious group in Canada?

Answer 143

Muslim

Question 144

What service did Premier Jean Charest introduce, in an attempt to reduce cultural conflict?

a. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
b. National Mental Health service
c. Reasonable-accommodation hotline
d. Whistle-blower hotline

Answer 144

C. Reasonable-accommodation hotline

Question 145

What did Beverley McLachlin, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, say the darkest times in Canada have been the result of?

Answer 145

“The darkest times in Canada have been the result of attempts to break with accommodation and impose policies that hurt a minority: the destruction of aboriginal families by residential schools, the internment of national minorities during the world wars, and the Chinese head tax.”

Question 146

Explain the theory “cosmopolitan”

Answer 146

“Cosmopolitism holds that all human beings are linked together by a shared morality. The thinking goes that each human dwells in two communities: the local community of one’s birth, and the larger community of human aspiration.”

Question 147

What is the ideal personal identity based on, according to Greek philosopher Hierocles?

Answer 147

“The ideal personal identity is based on related concentric circles, beginning with the self and then expanding outward to include circles of family, friends, local community, nation and finally, all of humanity.”

Question 148

What as the Chinese Head Tax?

Answer 148

Discriminatory tax applied to anyone coming to Canada from China between 1885 and 1923. It was imposed after Canadians felt the Chinese immigrants were taking away their jobs. It was replaced in 1923 by the Exclusion At which barred all Chinese immigrants from Canada until 1947.

The fee made it difficult for Chinese immigrants to come to Canada and separated families as some could only afford to send 1 member

Question 149

What was the Komagata Maru?

Answer 149

A ship that travelled from Hong Kong to Vancouber in 1914, carrying economic migrants who wanted better living conditions.

The Canadian government Denis their entrance due to the law that was set to keep out Asian immigrants.

The Asian exclusion act was a law that said for a ship to dock in Canada, the ship would have to make a continuous journey from where it started, nearly impossible for the Komagata Maru

Question 150

What was MT Saint Louis

Answer 150

Jews aboard the ship were denied access to Canada on the eve of WW2 and most ended up in Auschwitz as a result

Question 151

Explain Peggy’s theory of invisible backpack

Answer 151

Refers to the whore privilege that people of European heritage are automatically endows with in western society. Being white provides you with a number of privileges often without the privileged recognizing it

Whites and men are often willing to accept they non-whites and women are underprivileged but not they they are overpriviliged

Question 152

How has the position of the state of Israel affected the U.S. Perspectives on the Middle East?

Answer 152

It politicized it. Israel regards itself as a western nation, it is surrounded by Arab nations and views them as hostile. The U.S. Is Israelis main ally and therefore also tends to consider arabs hostile

Question 153

What does we are the victims of the victims refer to

Answer 153

Palastenians and other Arabs played no part in WW2 and yet they are paying a high price for the creation and expansion of the Israel because in the process, Arab lands are being occupied by Israeli troops.

Question 154

What percentage of foreign born population did not know either language

Answer 154

6.5

Question 155

What percentage said they only knew non official languages

Answer 155

0.8

Question 156

Lost a fact about Margaret meads work

Answer 156

• she studied Samoan youth and learned that the girls there has a more carefree attitude towards life than American girls - this included attitudes towards sexual relations.

Need believed they human behaviour is learned and can be reshape by cultural and environmental interactions

Question 157

List a fact about Franz Boas work

Answer 157

Cultural differences are not because of race but because of conditions such as geography l, resources Eric

Question 158

What wre the three phases of a rite of passage

Answer 158

1. Separation
2. Transition
3. Re-integration

Question 159

Where did the first settlers come from

Answer 159

Sicily

Question 160

What stands in Malta

Answer 160

The oldest stone temple in Malta, built with no metal tools

Question 161

What did they find happened with superstitious rituals

Answer 161

It enhances people’s confidence in their abilities, motivated greater effort and improved their performance.

Engaging in rituals mitigates grief caused by both life changing losses such as death and more mundane losses like losing the lottery.

Performing rituals with the intention of producing a certain emotional result appears to be sufficient for the emotional result to come trueS

Question 162

Aboriginal incarceration rates

Answer 162

• aboriginal inmates are sentences to longer terms and spend more time in segregation and maximum security. They are less likely to be granted parole.

Disproportionate number of aboriginal women in solitary confinement which creates barriers to access to rehabilitation programs. As a result, aboriginal women do not get parolee early. They overreprstend remand serve more time

Question 163

True or false youth incarceration rates have increased

Answer 163

False they have declined

Question 164

True or false the first Indian immigrants to Canada came as refugees during mid 20th century

Answer 164

False

Question 165

List any fact about

May-hui hangs work

Answer 165

Discusses the social scientific idea of modernity in regards to processes of change in modern China

The state of power in China today is both the product of western enlightenment in reason and social engineering

Question 166

What is polygyny ?

Answer 166

Having more than one wife at a time

Question 167

What is polygamy?

Answer 167

Having more than one spouse at a time

Question 168

What is polyandry?

Answer 168

Having more than one husband at a time

Question 169

According to anthropologists and spiritualists, what si the suggested benefit of participating in rituals?

Answer 169

• Rituals lessen the grief caused by both life-changing losses and more mundane losses.

Question 170

What was the Chinese Head Tax?

Answer 170

• Discriminatory tax applied to anyone coming to Canada from China between 1885 and 1923. It was imposed after Canadians felt Chinese immigrants were taking work away from non-Chinese workers. It was replaced in 1923 by the Exclusion Act which barred all Chinese immigrants from Canada until 1947.

The fee made it harder to Chinese immigrants to come to Canada and separated families as some could only afford to send one member to Canada.

An apology has since been made with payments to the tax-payers.

Question 171

What was Komagata Maru?

Answer 171

The S.S. Komagata Maru was a ship that travelled from Hong Kong to Vancouver in 1914, carrying economic migrants who did not like their living conditions back in India.

The Komagata Maru incident was an incident in which the Canadian government denied their entrance to enter Vancouver. Upon reaching Vancouver, the Komagata Maru was denied entry with all its passengers due to the exclusion law set by Canada as a way to keep out Asian immigrants.

They were denied food, and water during the two months they spent waiting.

The Komagata Maru incident was an incident in which the Canadian government denied their entrance to enter Vancouver. Upon reaching Vancouver, the Komagata Maru was denied entry with all its passengers due to the exclusion law set by Canada as a way to keep out Asian immigrants. The Asian Exclusion Act was a law that said for a ship to dock in Canada, the ship would have to make a continuous journey from where it started all the way to the country. This meant that ships would not be able to make a detour if they wanted to be able to enter Canada, which would be nearly impossible for the Komagata Maru.

Question 172

Who was MS St Louis

Answer 172

Jews aboard the ship were denied access to Canada on he eve of World War II; most ended up in Auscwitz as a result.

Question 173

Internment of Japanese Canadian during WW2

Answer 173

Canadian gov’t took their personal property and sold it without their consent. This forced many to return to japan even after the atomic bombs are dropped and the war was over. Italian Canadians and German Canadians were not treated in the same manner; Although canada was also at war with the countries of origin.

Question 174

Explain Peggy McItonish’s theory of “Invisible Backpack”

Answer 174

The Invisible Backpack refers to the white privilege that people of European heritage are automatically endowed. with in Western society.

In Western society,y being white provides you with a number of privileges, often without the privileged recognizing it.

Whites and men are often willing to accept that non-whites/women are underprivileged, but not that they are overprivileged.

Some of the points in Peggy’s essay include:

• I can if I wish arrange to be in the company of people of my race most of the time
• If I should need to move, I can be pretty sure of renting or purchasing housing in an area which I can afford and in which I would want to live
• I can be pretty sure that my neighbours in such a location that will be neutral and pleasant to me
• I can go shopping alone most of the time, pretty sure that I wont be harrassed or followed
• I can turn n the TV or open up a magazine and see people of my race widely represented
• I can swear, or dress in second hand clothes, or not answer letters, without having people attribute these choices to the bad morals, the poverty or the illiteracy of my race.
• I am not made acutely aware that my shape, bearing or body odor will be taken as a reflection on my race.

Question 175

How are the British and French perspectives on the Orient or Middle East different from that of the U.S.?

Answer 175

The British and French were actual occupiers and had colonies there for hundreds of years. They have direct, relational experience with Middle Eastern culture. The U.S. experience is less direct. Until the relatively recent wars of the 21st century, America had never been an occupier of a Middle Eastern state.

Question 176

How has the position of the state of Israel affected the U.S. perspective on the Middle East?

Answer 176

It politicizes it. Israel regards itself as a “Western” nation. It is surrounded by Arab nations and views them as hostile. The U.S. is Israel’s main ally in the world, and therefore also tends to consider Arabs hostile.

Question 177

What does “We are the victims of the victims” refer to?

Answer 177

Palestinians and other Arabs played no part in WWII or the Holocaust, and yet, they are paying a high price for the creation and expansion of Israel because (in the process) Arab lands are being occupied by Israeli troops/settlers, and Arab homes are being razed to the ground.

Question 178

Said envisions a world where Israeli Jews, Arab Muslims, and Arab Christians could _______________ on a land that is significant to all three of these religions.

Answer 178

coexist without violence

Question 179

What percentage of the foreign-born population did not know either of Canada’s two official languages?

Answer 179

6.5

Question 180

What percentage of immigrants had knowledge of at least three languages?

Answer 180

19.9%

Question 181

What percentage said they only knew non-official languages?

Answer 181

0.8%

Question 182

By what percentage did the affiliation with Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, or Buddhist religions rise since the 2001 Census?

Answer 182

4.9

Question 183

What was Marshall McLuhan’s big idea?

Answer 183

McLuhan’s big idea was to spot that the word “medium” has many different meanings.

The important thing about the media is not the information being conveyed, but what they are doing to us in terms of shaping our behaviour.

The conventional one is that a medium is a channel for communicating information – which is why much discussion about media up to his time focused on the content that was being conveyed by print, radio and television

on. But there is another, equally significant, interpretation. To a biologist, a medium is an environment containing the nutrients in which tissue cultures – organisms – grow. Change the medium and you change the organisms. Our communications media likewise constitute the environment which sustains, nurtures – or constrains – our culture. And if the medium changes, then so does the culture. The medium is far more than the message, in other words. In fact, it’s all we’ve got.

Question 184

What is Nicholas Carr’s “big idea”?

Answer 184

• The internet is becoming a universal medium and although it has a number of advantages, these advantages come at a price because although they supply the information we need, it changes the way in which we view or process this information. We no longer concentrate or contemplate articles in the same way that we used to.
• Although we may be reading an article, we don’t absorb the message like we used to – many times we only skim the readings.
• Our ability to interpret text, and make connection seems very disengaged.
• Nietzsche, for example, when his vision was failing, bought a typewriter which allowed him to continue writing. However, one of his friends noticed a change in the style of his writing as it became more “tense”. They came to the conclusion that the writing equipment plays a huge part in the formation of our thoughts.

Question 185

List any single fact about Margaret Mead’s work

Answer 185

Mead’s first major work titled Coming of Age in Samoa, studied Samoan youth, and learned that the girls there had a more laissez-faire attitude towards life than American girls. She noted that Samoan females of this time had a much more carefree approach to sexual relations and often delayed marriage.

A cornerstone to Margaret Mead’s theory was the belief that human behaviour is learned and can be reshaped by cultural and environmental interactions.

Question 186

List any single fact about Franz Boas’s work.

Answer 186

He made the argument that cultural differences was not because of race, but instead a particular set of conditions such as geography, resources, etc.

Question 187

List any single fact about Mayfair Mei-Hui Yang’s work.

Answer 187

Yang discusses the social scientific idea of modernity in regards to processes of change in modern China.

She further explains that “state power in China today is both the product of western Enlightenment optimism in reason, social engineering… and “modernization”, in addition to the wave of “an older, native rationality of the state.”

Question 188

What are the three phases of a Rite of Passage?

Answer 188

1. Separation - an initiate is separated in some way from his former life. During the separation phase, part of the old self is extinguished as the initiate prepares to create a new identity.
2. Transition - The initiate is between worlds-no longer part of his old life but not yet fully inducted into his new one. He is taught the knowledge needed to become a full member of that group.
3. Re-integration - , the initiate, having passed the tests necessary and proving himself worthy, is re-introduced into his community, which recognizes and honors his new status within the group.

Question 189

Name a country that is looking at avenues other than economic growth to improve their citizens’ well-being and connection to their communities.

Answer 189

The government and the financial business sector of the Netherlands implemented policies to reduce working hours among its employees. The effect on the overall employment rate and the development of innovative eco-friendly production are two examples of how this initiative has encouraged intrinsic values.

Question 190

The Middle East: Egypt and Mesopotamia. What modern skills emerged from this culture?

Answer 190

Writing emerged in 3100BCE, as did mathematics and architecture.

Question 191

Where did the first settlers come from?

Answer 191

Sicily

Question 192

What stands in Malta?

Answer 192

The oldest stone temple in Malta . The temple was built 1000 years before the first stone step pyramids in Egypt and was built with no metal tools.

Question 193

What were the results of the superstitious rituals

Answer 193

The superstitious rituals enhanced people’s confidence in their abilities, motivated greater effort – and improved subsequent performance. These findings are consistent with research in sport psychology: They demonstrate the performance benefits of pre-performance routines, from improving attention and execution to increasing emotional stability and confidence

The results given in the article suggest that engaging in rituals mitigates grief caused by both life-changing losses (such as the death of a loved one) and more mundane ones (losing a lottery).

performing rituals with the intention of producing a certain emotional result appears to be sufficient for the emotional result to come true.

Question 194

Explain Aboriginal Incarceration rates

Answer 194

Aboriginal inmates are sentenced to longer terms, and spend more time in segregation and maximum security. They are less likely to be granted parole and are more likely to have parole revoked for minor problems.

We are still seeing a disproportionate number of aboriginal women in solitary confinement, which creates barriers to access to rehabilitation programs. As a result, aboriginal women in corrections do not get paroled early, if at all. Not only are they over-represented, they are serving more time.

Question 195

TRUE OR FALSE You are more likely to be charged by the police if you are a female youth in Canada.

Answer 195

FALSE Females only account for 21 percent of the charges by police. Male youth account for 79 percent of the charges.

Question 196

TRUE OR FALSE Youth incarceration rates have increased in Canada.

Answer 196

False - they have declined

Question 197

TRUE OR FALSE The first Indian immigrants to Canada came as refugees during the mid-20th century.

Answer 197

FALSE