Active Recall Flashcards
Retention
What is another way of saying the ten amendments?
The bill of rights
The Bill of Rights consists of the first ten amendments to the Constitution.
What does the First Amendment protect?
Freedom of speech
This amendment ensures individuals can express themselves without government interference.
What is the Second Amendment about?
The right to bear arms
This amendment protects the individual’s right to possess weapons.
What does the Third Amendment state?
No soldier can be quartered inside your home without consent
This amendment is a response to the Quartering Acts imposed by British authorities.
What does the Fourth Amendment require?
Law enforcement must have a warrant to search your home
This amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.
What is protected by the Fifth Amendment?
Protection of individuals in legal situations
This amendment includes rights such as protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy.
What rights does the Sixth Amendment provide?
Rights in court
This includes the right to a speedy trial, an impartial jury, and legal counsel.
What does the Seventh Amendment guarantee?
The right to a jury trial
This applies to civil cases and ensures a jury hears the case.
What does the Eighth Amendment prohibit?
Cruel punishment
This amendment prohibits excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishments.
What does the Ninth Amendment protect?
Rights not written down in the Constitution
This amendment acknowledges that there are other rights retained by the people.
What is the Tenth Amendment about?
Power not given to the government is given to the state/people
This amendment emphasizes the principle of federalism.
What was the Articles of Confederation?
The first constitution of the United States
It recognized the national government after the Revolutionary War.
What does the Declaration of Independence announce?
The separation of the 13 American colonies from Great Britain in 1776
It is a foundational document asserting the colonies’ right to self-governance.
What were the Townshend Acts?
Taxes imposed on the American Colonies by the British Parliament in 1767
These taxes were intended to raise revenue for managing the colonies.
What did the Molasses Act of 1733 tax?
Goods on the American Colonies, specifically molasses
Many colonists ignored this law and resorted to smuggling.
What was the purpose of the First Continental Congress?
To address the Intolerable Acts of the British Parliament
The delegates agreed to boycott British goods until grievances were addressed.
What was the American Revolution?
A war fought from 1775 to 1783 for independence from Britain
It resulted in the establishment of the United States as an independent nation.
What are growth stocks?
Stocks expected to grow at an above-average rate
These stocks typically reinvest profits to fuel growth.
Define value stocks.
Undervalued stocks sold for cheaper than their actual value
Investors often seek value stocks for potential growth.
What is a mutual fund?
A collection of securities managed by a fund manager
It pools money from multiple investors to invest in various assets.
What is the difference between open-end and closed-end funds?
Closed-end funds are publicly traded; open-end funds are not
Open-end funds can only be bought at the end of the day NAV.
What does NAV stand for?
Net Asset Value
It measures a mutual fund’s value per share.
What are load funds?
Mutual funds that charge a fee when buying or selling
These fees can be commissions paid to brokers.
What are no load funds?
Mutual funds that do not charge transaction fees
They may still have management fees and hidden costs.
What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?
They make proteins
Ribosomes are essential for translating genetic information into proteins.
What is the pH value range for acidic substances?
0-6.9
A pH of 7 is neutral, while 7.1-14 is basic/alkaline.
What are autotrophs?
Organisms that create their own food
Examples include plants that perform photosynthesis.
What is a segment in geometry?
A line with a beginning and an end
The midpoint is the center of the segment.
What is an isomer?
Molecules with similar molecular formulas but different arrangements of atoms
Isomers can exhibit different chemical properties.
What is the definition of ions?
Positive or negative charges formed when a molecule gains or loses electrons
Ions play crucial roles in chemical reactions and biological processes.
What is an allotrope?
An element with two or more physical forms
For example, carbon exists as graphite, charcoal, and diamond.
What is the Electoral College?
A body that elects the President of the United States
A candidate needs at least 270 Electoral votes to win.
What is a hedge fund?
An investment that seeks positive feedback in bull and bear markets
Hedge funds often use complex strategies like short selling.
What is spectroscopy?
The study of how light interacts with matter
It is used in various scientific fields to analyze materials.
What is the function of ATP?
The main energy carrier in the cell
ATP is crucial for various cellular processes.
What is glycolysis?
The first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy
This process occurs in the cytoplasm and produces pyruvate and a small amount of ATP.
What happens during the Krebs Cycle?
Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to generate high-energy molecules
This cycle occurs in the mitochondria and produces NADH, FADH₂, and ATP.
What is diffusion?
The movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
This process occurs due to kinetic energy and molecular collisions.
What is an expense ratio?
The annual cost of managing a mutual fund or ETF
It reflects the fees charged to investors.
What is an actively managed fund?
A mutual fund where managers actively buy and sell investments
The goal is to outperform the market.
What high-energy molecules are generated during the Krebs cycle?
NADH, FADH₂, ATP
CO₂ is also released as a waste product.
Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
What role does oxygen play in the Electron Transport Chain?
Final electron acceptor
How much ATP is produced from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration?
32-34 ATP
What is cellular respiration?
Process where cells turn glucose into energy in the form of ATP
What is the characteristic of noble gases?
Full outer shell of electrons making them chemically inert
List the noble gases.
- Helium
- Neon
- Argon
- Krypton
- Xenon
- Radon
- Oganesson
What is ionization?
Process of converting an atom or molecule into an ion by removing or adding electrons
What are the steps of ionization in a gas discharge tube?
- High voltage applied
- Electric field accelerates electrons
- Electrons collide with gas atoms
- Atoms lose electrons, creating ions
What is a macromolecule?
A molecule with a very large number of atoms, such as proteins or nucleic acids
Define a monomer.
An organic molecule that can combine to form polymers
What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
Act as catalysts to speed up reactions
What is the process of protein synthesis?
Transcription of DNA to mRNA, translation to amino acids, folding into proteins
What is dynamic equilibrium?
State of balance when forward and reverse reactions are the same
What is a semipermeable phospholipid bilayer?
A biological membrane that controls what enters and leaves a cell
What is the atomic number of an element?
Number of protons in the nucleus
What was the Sugar Act of 1764?
British tax on sugar and molasses imported into American Colonies
What did the Stamp Act require?
Colonists to buy special stamped paper for legal documents and newspapers
What is interest rate risk?
Risk of financial losses when interest rates change
What is subprime exposure?
Risk taken by lenders when giving loans to subprime borrowers
What is prepayment risk?
Risk that a borrower will pay back a loan before the due date
What did the Tea Act of 1773 do?
Allowed British East India Company to sell tea directly to colonies without certain taxes
What was the Battle of Yorktown?
Decisive victory for the Continental Army in 1781
What is combustion?
Chemical process where a substance combines with oxygen and gives off heat
When was the Treaty of Paris signed?
September 3, 1783
What was the French Revolution?
Period of political and social change in France from 1789–1799
What did George Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation state?
U.S. would not take sides in the conflict between revolutionary France and Great Britain
What was the French Revolution?
A period of political and social change in France from 1789–1799, leading to the end of the monarchy and the establishment of the first republic.
The revolution was marked by significant events and changes in governance.
What was George Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation?
A declaration in 1793 stating that the U.S. would not take sides in the conflict between revolutionary France and Great Britain.
This proclamation reflected the United States’ desire to avoid entanglement in European conflicts.
Who rose to power after the French Revolution?
Napoleon Bonaparte.
His rise marked a significant shift in European history and governance.
What significant reforms did Napoleon implement?
- Napoleonic Code
- Reorganization of government
- Creation of the Bank of France
- Concordat with the Catholic Church in 1801
These reforms aimed to stabilize France post-Revolution.
When did Napoleon declare himself Emperor of the French?
In 1804.
This marked the establishment of a hereditary monarchy in France.
What were the Napoleonic Wars?
A series of military campaigns (1803–1815) aimed at expanding the French Empire and spreading revolutionary ideals across Europe.
These wars involved significant military engagements with coalitions of European powers.
What was one of Napoleon’s major mistakes?
The invasion of Russia in 1812.
The harsh winter and scorched-earth tactics led to significant losses for Napoleon.
What happened at the Battle of Waterloo?
Napoleon was defeated by the combined forces of Britain, Prussia, and other European nations on June 18, 1815.
This battle marked the end of Napoleon’s rule.
What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?
An agreement that counted enslaved people as ⅗ of a person for taxation and representation purposes.
This compromise was crucial during the Constitutional Convention of 1787.
What is the role of the Secretary of the Treasury?
A senior official responsible for overseeing the Department of the Treasury and managing the government’s financial systems.
This position is critical for economic policy implementation.
What does a three-tiered federal system refer to?
A government structure divided into three branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.
This structure is designed to ensure a separation of powers.
What was the New Jersey Plan?
A proposal for a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state, regardless of size.
This plan was designed to protect the interests of smaller states.
How many senators are there in the U.S. Senate?
100 senators.
Each state is represented by two senators, ensuring equal representation.
What was the Annapolis Convention?
A meeting in 1786 of delegates from 5 states to address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
This convention led to the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.
What was the Boston Tea Party?
A protest against British rule on December 16, 1773, where colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor.
This act of defiance was in response to the Tea Act imposed by Britain.
What does overcollateralization mean?
A situation where the value of collateral exceeds the value of the loan or debt itself.
This practice is used to reduce lender risk.
What is tranche risk in auto loan ABS?
The varying levels of risk associated with different portions (tranches) of financial products.
Senior tranches are less risky, while subordinate tranches bear more risk.
What is credit-worthiness?
An individual’s or entity’s ability to repay borrowed debt.
Factors determining credit-worthiness include credit history, credit score, and income.
What is economic risk?
The uncertainties companies face due to various economic events.
Economic downturns can lead to higher unemployment and increased borrower defaults.
What is residual value risk?
The possibility that a leased asset cannot be resold or re-leased for its original residual value.
This risk can be influenced by changes in supply and demand.
What characterized the Maya civilization?
- Independent city-states
- Advanced knowledge in mathematics and astronomy
- Polytheistic religion
Each city-state had its own ruler, but they shared a common culture.
What is an independent, self-governing entity that consists of a central city and its surrounding territory?
City-state
Operates much like a sovereign country, having its own government, laws, and often its own military.
What significant advancements did the Maya make in various fields?
- Mathematics
- Astronomy
- Writing
Included the development of an intricate calendar system and a written language using hieroglyphs.
What type of religion did the Maya practice?
Polytheistic
With gods and goddesses associated with natural elements like the sun, rain, and corn.
What crops did the Maya commonly grow?
- Maize (corn)
- Beans
- Squash
- Cacao
They developed advanced farming techniques to maximize crop production.
What factors contributed to the decline of the Maya civilization?
- Environmental degradation
- Warfare between city-states
- Shifts in trade routes
- Climate change
The decline began around the 9th century, with the arrival of the Spanish marking a final blow.
Where is the Great Fortress of Becan located?
Mexican state of Campeche
A prominent Maya city during the Late Classic period known for its fortifications.
What is terracing in agriculture?
An agricultural technique to create flat areas on sloped land
Prevents erosion and makes farming on mountains feasible.
What is a tributary?
A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake
What does ‘meandering’ refer to?
Following a windy course
What are brambles?
Thorny vines or bushes
What are cedars?
Large, evergreen trees belonging to the genus Cedrus
What is the genus Cedrus known for?
Coniferous trees commonly known as cedars
Native to mountainous regions of the Mediterranean, Himalayas, and parts of Asia.
What are mahoganies?
A group of hardwood trees known for strong, durable, reddish-brown wood
Valued for fine grain and often used in furniture and cabinetry.
What are sapodillas?
Tropical fruit trees native to southern Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean
The fruit has a flavor reminiscent of pear and brown sugar.
What do breadnut trees belong to?
The same family as breadfruit
Native to Southeast Asia, but spread to other parts of the world.
What do ‘starbursts of bromeliads’ refer to?
The striking and vibrant appearance of bromeliad flowers
Known for unique, colorful floral displays.
What is a Ceiba tree known for?
Towering height, broad canopies, and impressive trunks
Where is Petexbatún located?
In the Petén region of northern Guatemala
An ancient Maya archaeological site known for large structures.
What does foliage refer to?
A bunch of leaves and branches
What is a silhouette?
An outline that bounds and gives form to something
What is unseasonable rain?
Rain not normal for the season of the year
What are the four seasons?
- Summer
- Winter
- Fall
- Spring
What is mire?
A stretch of swampy or boggy ground
What does interminable mean?
Endless
What does hyperbolically mean?
To exaggerate or overstate the truth
What does stagnant mean?
Still
What does podding refer to?
Slow-moving and unexciting
What does laconically mean?
In a way that uses very few words
What is a plaza?
A marketplace or public square
What are stelae?
Tall stone slabs that record notable events
What is a buttress?
A support stone or brick built against a wall
What does wedged mean?
To cram or force something into a narrow space
What is a glyph?
A hieroglyphic character or symbol; a pictograph
What is a hand winch?
A tool for moving a load both horizontally and vertically
What does scurried mean?
To move hurriedly with short quick steps
What does elaborate regalia refer to?
Any type of elaborate formal dress
What are star glyphs?
Symbolic representations of stars or celestial bodies
Used in ancient cultures, particularly in Mesoamerican civilizations.
What are Maya emblem glyphs?
Symbols that represent the names of particular cities or regions in the ancient Maya civilization
What are inscriptions?
Words written on a monument or in a book
What are the two primary cycles of the Maya calendar systems?
- Haab’ (Solar Calendar)
- Tzolk’in (Sacred Calendar)
What is the Haab’ calendar?
A 365-day calendar used to track the solar year
Consists of 18 months of 20 days plus a final month of 5 days.
What is the Tzolk’in calendar?
A 260-day ritual calendar used primarily for religious and ceremonial purposes
What does clinch mean?
To confirm or settle something
What is an anthropologist?
A person who studies the past and present of human beings
What is Mesoamerica?
A region in the Americas that includes parts of modern-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador
What does the Spanish Conquest refer to?
The period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Spain colonized much of the Americas
What are highlands?
Elevated or mountainous regions characterized by rugged terrain and cooler climates
What are lowlands?
Areas of land located at relatively low altitudes, typically near sea level
What are romance languages?
A group of languages that evolved from Latin
What are saplings?
Young trees, especially with a slender/thin trunk
What are murals?
Large-scale paintings or artworks created directly on large surfaces
What are sherds?
Broken pieces of clay, especially found on an archaeological site
What does excavated mean?
To remove something carefully or make a hole by digging
What are incised lines?
Lines that are carved, etched, or engraved into a surface
What is an effigy?
A sculpture of a person
What does the Cuello tradition refer to?
A cultural and archaeological tradition associated with the Maya civilization
What does the Preclassic period in Mesoamerica span?
Approximately 2000 BCE to 250 CE
What is a mangrove?
A type of tree or shrub that grows in tropical and subtropical regions
What are estuaries?
Areas where fresh water from rivers meets salty water from the ocean
What does thatching mean?
To cover a roof with straw or a similar material
What do milpa clearings refer to?
Areas cleared using slash-and-burn agriculture for temporary farming fields
What is the slash-and-burn method?
A method of growing food by slashing and burning vegetation
