Act Utilitarianism Flashcards
Who founded Act Utilitarianism?
Jeremy Bentham
What is a consequentialist theory?
A theory where the moral value of an action lies with how the consequences turn out, rather than the value of the action itself.
What is Bentham’s hedonic calculus?
Bentham’s method for estimating the moral value of the pleasure or pain produced by an action.
What variables does the hedonistic calculus rely on?
- Intensity
- Duration
- Certainty
- Propinquity (nearness or remoteness)
- Fecundity (will it lead to other pleasures?)
- Purity (will it lead to other pains?)
- Extent (how many will it affect)
What is hedonism?
Hedonism relates to any theory of moral value which relies on maximizing pleasure for the maximum number of people. Pleasure is the highest human good.
What is Bentham’s principle of utility?
The principle of utility states that actions or behaviors are right in so far as they promote happiness or pleasure, wrong as they tend to produce unhappiness or pain.
What is the problem of calculation with Act Utilitarianism?
- Bentham’s hedonic calculus is impractically complicated to use every single time one has to make a decision.
- How do we quantify the variables. is a longer-lasting dull pleasure better than a short-lived but more intense pleasure?
3.
Explain the argument of the Tyranny of the Majority with Act Utilitarianism
Some things are wrong regardless of consequence. For example, if there is a serial killer in a large town, who is widely believed to be a single person, a mob is formed to have him lynched. The sheriff knows they are innocent however but lynching the man will appease the mob, causing pleasure. Their collective happiness is likely to outweigh the innocent man’s pain at being falsely hanged.
Explain the argument of particular relationships with Act Utilitarianism
If we sincerely followed act utilitarianism we would never be morally permitted to spend time and money with our loved ones. Act utilitarianism is concerned only with the greatest good for the greatest number. There are no grounds, then, to justify acting to maximise a friend/relative’s happiness over some random person on the street.
Who was Jeremy Bentham?
18th century philosopher who put forward idea of psychological hedonism and principle of utility. Founder of Act Utilitarianism
How does Act Utilitarianism apply to animals?
Act Utilitarianism applies to all creatures as there is no clear distinction - all pleasures are equal.
