ACT review Flashcards
What is aircrew coordination?
cooperative interaction among crewmembers necessary for safe, efficient, and effective performance of flight tasks
Description of aircrew coordination
set of principles, attitudes, procedures, and techniques that transform individuals into an effective crew
Purpose of aircrew coordination
enhances the vital communication between all crewmembers and streamlines the sequence and timing.
3 names used for aircrew coordination
1)Cockpit resource management
2)Integrated resource management
3)Crew coordination
What is ACT built upon?
Commercial aviation and tactical aviation experience
What are 6 errors/failures associated with aircrew coordination?
1)Failure of P* to properly direct assistance from crewmembers
2)Failure of crewmember to announce decision or action that affected the ability of other crewmembers to properly perform duties
3)Failure of crewmember to communicate positively
4)Failure of PC to assign crew responsibilities properly before and during mission
5)Failure to offer assistance or info that was needed
6)Failure of P* to execute flight actions in sequence
What changes were made by the identification of 6 aircrew coordination?
1)Aircrew coordination in every ATM task
2)Development of annual ACT sustainment training
Patterns begin with?
-Accomplishment of crew-level pre-mission planning, rehearsal, AARs
What is included in pre-mission planning?
-Preparatory tasks associated with accomplishing the mission
-Assigning crewmember responsibilities and conducting all required briefings and brief-backs
What is entailed in mental rehearsal?
1) Visualizing, discussing potential problems
2)Contingencies
3)Assigned responsibilities
What should be done after the mission?
debrief, review, and critique major decisions, their actions, and task performance
What is basic quality?
Addresses the relationships among the crew and the overall climate of the flight deck
What is an effective crew?
1) Assertive crewmembers engaged
2)Member of productive team, help without request
3)Entire crew participates
4)Analystical style of decision making
5) Cockpit relaxed and friendly
6)Crewmembers provide timely/clearly stated information to one another
What is an ineffective crew?
1) Unable to balance task and personal considerations
2) Frustrated crewmembers
3) Only providing min details to crewmembers
4) Left wondering about actions, duties, and responsibilities
5) Business-like cockpit
Rank leadership
1)Commissioned/Warrant officer
2)Enlisted crewmember
Duty position leadership
1)Platoon Leader
2)Aviator
Cockpit leadership
1)SP
2)IP
3)PC
4)PI
Definition of leadership from any crewmember?
Any crewmember with the appropriate technical knowledge, skills, and information at a given time
Define authority vs assertiveness?
Approval from PC to inquire, advocate, and assert. If not given, frustration my result
6 critical phases of team building
1)Unit orientation and battle-rostering
2)Pre-mission planning and rehearsal
3)Task execution
4)Crew-level AAR
5)RON and TDY
Define lack of support
Failure of crew members to back each other up
Define SOP ignored
Failure to use check list or other guidance under time and pressures
Define stress problems
Difficulty in adapting to situations
Define judgement problems
Management of priorities and distractions distort judgement process
Define emotional problems
Aggression or extreme submissiveness in the aircraft affect personal relations or where there is a carry-over of domestic worries and conflict to the job
Define management problems
Deferral to management authority (expediting departure)
Define communication problems
No attention to standardized vocabularies or conversation control
Define leadership problems
No delegation of tasks responsibilitiy or attention to comments and suggestions
What are the 9 team management problems?
1)lack of support
2)SOP ignored
3)stress problems
4)Judgement problems
5)emotional problems
6)management problems
7)communication problems
8)leadership problems
9)Discipline problems
6 Tasks for pre-mission planning
1)VFR flight planning
2)IFR flight planning
3)Terrain flight planning
4)Performance planning
5)Assigning responsibilities
6)Briefings and brief backs
Who is responsible ensuring briefing is done?
PC
Whos is responsible for obstacle avoidance?
Everyone
High probability of aircrew coordination erros when…
1)tactical terrain flight at night
2)cruise phase of terrain
3)crew briefing: failure to assign duties
4)Night proficiency and transition
5)Taxi phase
6)landing approach
7)Hovering flight: not offering assistance
8)Not properly directing
9)Pre-mission planning
Events present in aviation accidents..
1)Sudden loss of visual reference
2)Malfunctions
3)Maneuvers during formation flight
4)NVG descents over low contrast surfaces
5)Approaches into tight LZ’s w/obstacles
6)Maneuvering too close to obstacles
7)Wire avoidance
8)Threat evasive maneuvers
9)IIMC
10)Terrain flight maneuvers
Flight planning
1)Acquire and update mission information
2)Collect and analyze information to all aspects
3)Plan the mission
4)Visualize and rehearse
5)Conduct briefings
Flight planning sequence
1)conduct map and aerial reconnaissance
2)Review notams, and reports
3)Assess METT-TC and radio navigation
4)Select modes
Mission rehearsals
1)Analyze requirements
2)Break into segments
3)Visualize “flying”
4)Identify segments with time, comms, navigation
5)Identify potential problem and risks
6)Develop strategies
Things that affect planning..
(TTCCEI)
1)time available
2)type of mission
3)Crew’s familiarity
4)Completeness
5)Experience level
6)Information available to the crew
Mission planning benefits
1)increases understanding
2)prepares crewmembers
3)improves synchronization
4)improves crews to establish and maintain lead time
5)Facilitates the decision-making process
6)Reduces risk
Decision making techniques (2)
Analytical- structured, systematic, time-consuming
Automatic-Quick, immediate, unstructured
Define decision making
Act of rendering a solution to a problem and defining a plan of action
Hazardous attitudes
1)anti-authority- Don’t like people telling them what to do
2)Impulsiveness-Need to do something immediately
3)Invulnerability-Accidents only happen to others
4)Macho- Try to prove they are better than others
5)Resignation- “What’s the use”, good/bad luck
6)”Get there-itis”- Desire to reach destination at any cost
7)Over-confidence- Swayed by reputation
3 Classification of tasks
(CIR)
1)Critical tasks-immediate attention (fire, loss of power, fuel out of limit sensing)
2)Important tasks-need response as soon as possible
(loss of engine, system loss)
3)Routine tasks-handled in turn, have no serious impact (caution light or advisory)
Causes of high workload
(PUWACMC)
1)Poor planning
2)Unexpected events
3)Weather and the environment
4)ATC
5)Cockpit design
6)Mission complexity
7)Crew endurance
Effects of high workloads
(DDULTD)
1)Difficulties in achieving good performance
2)Difficulties w/aircraft control
3)Uncertainty/indecision
4)Loss normal scan
5)Temporal distortion
6)Difficulty communicating
Managing high workloads
(HDPE)
1)High level of awareness
2)Delegate
3)Prioritize tasks
4)Expand time available
Effects of low workloads
(LIDC)
1)low awareness
2)Inattention
3)Drowsiness
4)Complacency
Managing low workloads
(RRR)
1)Rehearse and refine
2)Recheck weather
3)Review emergency procedures
Operationally related distractions
(CCCC)
1)Caution and warning lights
2)Conflicting traffic
3)Cockpit conversion
4)Checklist-occasional
Non-operationally related distractions
(FMFS)
1)Financial, medical, and family
2)Supervisors/peers
Ways to deal with distractions
(IDDH)
1)Ignore
2)Delay
3)Delegate
4)Handle
Types of unexpected events..
1)Malfunction
2)Sudden loss of visual reference
3)IIMC
4)Unusual environment conditions
5)Near mid-air collisions
6)Short notice changes
7)Encounters with threat
Preparing for unexpected events
1)Technically and tactically proficient
2)Pre-mission planning and rehearsal
3)Reminders during in-flight periods
Coping with unexpected events
1)Internal resources- Aircrew, equipment
2)External- Time, other aircraft, tactical controlling agency, ATC
Define direct assistance
crewmembers direct or request assistance
Communication barriers
Noise (verbal)
Word usage
Physical
Mental
Interpersonal
Stress
Fatigue
Emotion
Effective communication
(EENBA)
1)Effective speaking
2)Effective listening
3)Non-verbal communication
4)Briefing
5)Aircrew communication phases
Three phases to aircrew coordination
(PIP)
1)Pre-mission planning phase
2)In-flight phase
3)Post-mission phase
*Critical in all phases
-Inquiry and questioning
Crew Coordination Element
1)Announce and acknowledge actions
2)Be explicit
What can compromise situational awareness?
1)Stress
2)Boredom
3)Fatigue
4)Anger
Situational awareness influences
1)Experience and training
2)Physical flying skills
3)Spatial Orientation
4)Physical and emotional health
5)Attitude
Decisions and actions are communicated how?
1)Positive communication
2)Standard terminology
3)Nonverbal communication
4)Accepted procedures
Crewmembers should always raise questions during the flight reguarding what?
1)Plans
2)Revisions
3)Actions to be taken
4)Status of key information
Cross monitor performance
Cross monitor each other’s actions and decisions to reduce likelihood of errors
What does the two-challenge rule allow?
Allows one member to automatically assume the duties of another crewmember who fails to respond
Recognition of information overload
1)No reaction or confused
2)May require a division of responsibilities
3)Remedy: use of standard terminology
2 Types of incapacitation
1)Subtle
-over-working, domestic stress, financial problems
2)Gross
-Intoxication, sickness
3 ways to fix errors in judgement chain
1)2 challenge rule
2)Positive team building
3)Detailed pre-mission planning
What is advocacy? (stronger than a recommendation)
Obligation to speak out in support of a course of action different that planned or followed
The five step advocacy process
1)Get the attention of the individual
2)State the concern
3)State the problem
4)Offer a solution
5)Obtain an agreement
What is assertion?
State a position with some force or conviction
What is the importance of advocacy and assertion?
Reduces frustration by allowing the free expression of ideas
