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AUBF Lab > Act 8-13: Chemical Examination Of Urine > Flashcards

Act 8-13: Chemical Examination Of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Bile pigments originates from?

A

hemoglobin after destruction of the red blood cells

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2
Q

______ is essentially a manifestation of increase concentration of bilirubin in the circulation.

A

Icterus or jaundice

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3
Q

is the main site of bilirubin formation

A

Liver

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4
Q

The liver is the main site of bilirubin formation, increased concentration on the blood may be brought about one of three ways:

A

(1) excessive destruction of hemoglobin from destroyed red blood cells; (2) due to the damage of the liver parenchyma, especially the polygonal cell as in acute infectious hepatitis, phosphorus poisoning and acute yellow atrophy; (3) caused by any impediment to the free flow of bile as the stones, new growths, compression from neighboring organs.

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5
Q

_________ occurs alone in freshly passed urine, the other biliary pigments such as ________ are produced later by a process of oxidation as the urine stands.

A

Bilirubin; biliverdin

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6
Q

____ give the urine a greenish- yellow, yellow or brown by these pigment and must not be confused with the _______which are also yellow.

A

Bile pigments; uric acid crystals

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7
Q

Principle of Gmelin’s test?

A

The test of bile pigments are based upon oxidation by acids; with the formation of a series of colored derivatives like biliverdin and bilirubin.

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8
Q

Procedure of Gmelin’s test (2)

A
  1. Take 10 ml of urine
  2. Add 2-4 drops of slightly yellow nitric acid using the contract method
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9
Q

Positive result of gmelin’s test?

A

A play of colors, chiefly green and violet denotes the presence of bile pigment

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10
Q

Procedure of Fouchet’s Test (3)

A
  1. Take 5 ml of urine and add 5 ml of barium chloride solution, mix and filter
  2. spread the filter paper bearing the precipitate on piece of dry filter paper
  3. Add 2-4 drops of Fouchet’s reagents on the precipitate
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11
Q

Positive result of Fouchet’s Test

A

the appearance of a green color

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12
Q

Procedure of foam test (2)

A
  1. Place about 10 ml of urine in a test tube
  2. Stopper tightly and shake vigorously
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13
Q

Positive result of foam test

A

yellow foam indicates the presence of bile or phenylazodiaminpyridine.

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14
Q

________ is found in found in normal urine only in minute traces too small to be detected by ordinary menas. This substance is excreted in the form of a chromogen uribilinogen which is changed by light into urobilin within a few hours after the urine is voided.

A

Urobilin

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15
Q

Urobilin is found in normal urine only in minute traces too small to be detected by ordinary means. This substance is excreted in the form of a ________ which is changed by _______ into urobilin within a few hours after the urine is voided.

A

chromogen uribilinogen; light

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16
Q

Urobilin is formed from bilirubin, mainly by

A

reduction processes by bacteria taking place in the intestines; a small part of it has been claimed to be formed in the liver itself.

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17
Q

Under normal conditions, that which is formed in the intestines is partly absorbed, urobilin is carried to the liver through the portal circulation and this is reconverted into _______.

A

bilirubin

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18
Q

Under normal conditions, that which is formed in the intestines is partly absorbed, carried to the liver through the portal circulation and this is reconverted into bilirubin. But when the liver cells are deranges, this does not take place and?

A

urobilinogen reaches the general circulation and excreted in excess in the urine.

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19
Q

_______ is one of the most sensitive test available to determine impaired liver function.

A

Urine urobilinogen

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20
Q

Urinary urobilinogen is increased by any condition that

A

causes an increase in the production of bilirubin and by any disease that prevents liver from normally removing the reabsorbed urobilinogen from the portal circulation.

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21
Q

An increased urobilinogen level is one of the earliest signs of (2)

A

liver disease and hemolytic disorders.

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22
Q

the absence of urobilinogen is also diagnostically significant and represents an?

A

obstruction on the bile duct.

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23
Q

Urobilin Normal Reference Value (Quantitative): Random specimen:

A

0.1-1 Erlich U/dl, <1mg/dl

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24
Q

Urobilin Normal Reference Value (Quantitative): 2-hour specimen:

A

0.1-1 Erlich U/2hrs or <1mg/2hrs

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25
Q

Urobilin Normal Reference Value (Quantitative): 24-hours specimen:

A

0.5-4.0 Erlich U/24hrs or 0.5-4.0 mg/day

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26
Q

Procedure for urobilin determination? (5)

A
  1. To 5ml of urine, add 2-3 drops of Lugol solution
  2. Let stand for 10 minutes to convert all urobilinogen
  3. Add 5ml saturated absolute alcoholic zinc acetate solution
  4. Mix and filter into a dry test tube. Allow to stand for 1 hour.
  5. Note down the result.
    *Reaction is more marked after 1-2 hours
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27
Q

Positive result for urobilin determination

A

Increased amounts of urobilin is indicated by a greenish fluorescence

28
Q

the main pigment of the hair and skin and also found in the choroids layer of the eye

A

Melanin

29
Q

Melanin is a mixture of oxication products of?

A

tyrosine and 3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine

30
Q

Melanin is the main pigment of the hair and skin and also found in the choroids layer of the eye. It is a mixture of oxication products of tyrosine and 3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine, which are subsequently polymerized to

A

yellow, brown and black pigments.

31
Q

In patients with tumors arising from the melanin-producing cells, it is called as?

A

melanomas

32
Q

the melanin may be excreted in the urine in large amounts in the form of colorless

A

chromogen, melanogen

33
Q

the melanin may be excreted in the urine in large amounts (in the form of colorless chromogen, melanogen), and its presence is indicative of

A

metastasis of the tumor to the liver or other organ.

34
Q

Thomalen’s Test Principle

A

Sodium nitroprusside is reduced to ferrocyanide (Prussian Blue) by melanogen

35
Q

Thomalen’s Test procedure (2)

A
  1. To 5ml fresh urine, add 2ml of 5% sodium nitroprusside solution and 0.5ml of 40% w/v sodium hydroxide. Mix well.
  2. Add 3.0 to 5.0ml 33% v/v acetic acid and mix again.
36
Q

Positive result of Thomalen’s Test

A

A dark green color indicates the presence of melanogen Normal urine should be run as control

37
Q

Procedure for 2 screening test for melanin and their positive result

A
  1. Allow the urine sample to stand exposed to the air undisturbed for up to 24hrs
    Positive result: If melanogen is present, it will be slowly oxidized to melanin by the air, and the urine will turn dark brown or black from top downward. Homogentisic acid gives the same effect, but the darkening of melanogen is not accelerated by alkali.
  2. To 5.0ml urine, add 1.0ml of 10% w/v solution of a ferric chloride in 10% v/v hydrochloric acid
    Positive result: If melanogen is present the urine is dark brown or black
38
Q

__________ like pigment that results from the degradation of hemoglobin. It is produced in the intestine from the reduction of bilirubin by the intestinal bacteria.

A

Urobilinogen

39
Q

What happens to urobilinogen once it is reabsorbed from the intestine into the blood?

A

recirculates to the liver and is excreted in the feces, where it is oxidized to urobilin, the pigment responsible for the characteristic of brown color of the feces.

40
Q

Increased urobilinogen (greater than 1mg/dl) is seen in?

A

liver disease and hemolytic disorders

41
Q

Urobilinogen Normal Reference Value (Quantitative): Random specimen:

A

0.1-1 Erlich U/dl, <1mg/dl

42
Q

Urobilinogen Normal Reference Value (Quantitative): 2-hour specimen

A

0.1-1 Erlich U/2hrs or <1mg/2hrs

43
Q

Urobilinogen Normal Reference Value (Quantitative): 24-hours specimen:

A

0.5-4.0 Erlich U/24hrs or 0.5-4.0 mg/day

44
Q

Principle of erlich’s test

A

Urobilinogen and other certain other substances, such as indoles and skatoles, react with Erlich’s aldehyde (paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde) to give a cherry red color

45
Q

Procedure of erlich’s test

A
  1. Take 10ml of urine in the test tube
  2. Add few crystals of para-dimethly-amino-benzaldehyde
  3. Make the solution becomes acid with HCI
46
Q

Positive result of erlich’s test

A

a cherry-red color appears in the presence if abnormal amounts or urobilinogen

47
Q

The presence of hemoglobin in the urine constitutes a condition known as the

A

hemoglobinuria

48
Q

the presence of intact red blood cells in the urine, which is commonly met with

A

hematuria

49
Q

Hematuria is most closely related to disorders of the

A

renal or genitourinary systems

50
Q

Hemoglobin tests detects presence of? (3) in urine

A

RBCs, hemoglobin and myoglobin

51
Q

Blood is always an indicator of

A

damage to the kidney or urinary tract.

52
Q

is caused by excretion of myoglobin, a muscle protein, into the urine

A

Myoglobinuria

53
Q

Myoglobinuria is caused by excretion of myoglobin, a muscle protein, into the urine as a result of: (4)

A

(1) traumatic muscle injury
(2) muscle disorder
(3) certain kinds of poisoning
(4) malignant hyperthermia.

54
Q

Guaiac Test Procedure (4)

A
  1. Mix 5ml of hydrogen peroxide with 5ml of guaiac solution
  2. Make the urine strongly acid with acetic acid and mix thoroughly
  3. Add 2ml of fresh 3% hydrogen peroxide and shake
  4. Pour the Guaiac’s gum solution slowly down the side of the tube
55
Q

Positive result for Guaiac Test

A

A green to blue color will appear at the zone of contact

56
Q

Procedure of Benzidin Test

A
  1. Take 10ml of glacial acetic acid and add benzidin to saturation
  2. To the above solution, add an equal quantity of hydrogen peroxide
  3. Take 5ml of urine and add an equal amount of the prepared solution
57
Q

Positive result of BenzidinTest

A

A blue color appears in the presence of hemoglobin.

58
Q

Indican or indoxyl potassium sulfate is normally present in urine in _____ quantities sufficient to be detected by ordinary means employed in the clinical laboratory.

A

small

59
Q

Indican appears in urine in large quantities when there is?

A

excessive formation of putrefactive products as indole and skatole in the feces.

60
Q

____ and _____ are formed in the intestines, undergo a preliminary oxidation into indoxyl and skatoxyl and finally conjugate to form indoxyl potassium sulfate and skatoxyl potassium sulfate in which they are eliminated in the urine.

A

Indole and skatole

61
Q

The indole is absorbed into the blood and oxidized in the tissues to?

A

indoxyl potassium sulfate (indicant)

62
Q

Indican is abnormally increased by _______. It is called _______ when it is markedly increased.

A

diet rich in proteins; indicanuria

63
Q

Procedure of Obermayer’s Test (4)

A
  1. Fill a test tube about 1/3 of urine
  2. Add an equal avolume of Obermayer’s reagent
  3. Warm the mixture slightly
  4. Mix by inverting the tube several times
64
Q

Positive result of Obermayer’s Test

A

If indicant is present in excess, the chloroform which sinks to the bottom will assume an indigo-blue color

65
Q

______ will give a reddish violet with Obermayer’s reagent and this may faintly obscure the indicant reaction

A

lodides

AUBF Lab (2 decks)

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