Across Flashcards
Secrètes hormones directly into blood
Endocrine glands
Secretes hormones into ducts
Exocrine glands
The protein portion of an enzyme
Apoenzyme
The model that considers the substrate and active site to be a perfect fit for each other
Lock and key
This enlargement of the throat can occur due to either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
Goiter
Maintaining the internal environment of the body at equilibrium
Homeostasis
Insulin is an example of a
Peptide hormone
Every enzyme has WHAT at which it will work in the body. The exact value was of this will depend upon where in the body that enzyme is functioning. Values too far above or below will result in dénaturation of the enzyme
Optimal pH
A factor affecting the rate of a chemical change
Temperature
Surface area
Concentration
Catalyst
Organic, but non- protein cofactors are often derived from WHAT substances?
Vitamins
To cool the body, blood vessels near the surface of the skin will WHAT
Dilate
Many WHAT are inhibitors that permanently bind to the active site of enzymes, rendering them inactive
Poisons
WHAT occurs to correct the situation when a receptor detects that conditions in the body are out of normal range
Adaptive response
Enzyme suffix
“Ase”
Enzyme activity is greatly reduced when temperature get too WHAT, this situation is irreversible
Hot
Components of the body that detect light
Photoreceptors
Increasing this factor will increase the rate of a chemical reaction
Surface area
All of the body’s sensory receptors are connected to WHAT
Nervous system
The portion of an enzyme that binds with the substrate
Active site
Cofactors can belong to this group of substrates
Metals
Components of the body which detect chemical changes
Chemoreceptors
WHAT increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy
Catalyst
When the product of an enzyme catalyzed reaction binds to WHAT, in the enzyme, it causes a change to the shape of the active site and the enzyme becomes temporarily inactive.
Allosteric site
When a protein’s shape changes by being exposed to heat or certain chemicals
Denature
Like mercury and lead cause the dénaturation of enzymes
Heavy metals
Chemical messengers which help cells communicate
Hormones
Organic, but non-protein substance which plays a role in forming a functioning enzyme
Coenzyme
Refers to the combination of all chemical reactions that are occurring within an organism
Metabolism
Components of the body which detect changes in blood pressure
Baroreceptors
WHAT occurs when the increase in the (product) of an enzyme catalyzed reaction causes the rate of that reaction to slow by inhibiting the associated enzyme
Negative feedback inhibition
The idea that the active site modifies its shape as it forms the enzyme-substrate complex
Induced fit
The receptors for regulating body temperature are located in this part of the brain
Hypothalamus
The enzyme maltase decomposes the sugar WHAT
Maltose
WHAT is the amount of energy that is required to get a chemical reaction started
The activation energy
A solution with WHAT will provide a faster reaction rate than a solution with one that is lower
Higher concentration
WHAT is very rare in humans, but are present in situations like childbirth and breastfeeding
Positive feedback systems
Enzyme activity can be reduced when temperatures become WHAT, however this situation can be reversed
Too low
This enzyme catalyzes the décomposition of hydrogen peroxide
Catalase
This element is required for the production of thyroxin
Iodine
If your body temperature drops below normal, your brain may direct your body to start involuntarily muscle contractions which makes you start to WHAT
Shiver
Blood pressure, blood pH, and blood glucose levels are all part of WHAT where the correction of the level which is out of range leads to a slowing or ceasing of the corrective measure
Negative feedback systems
In order to function properly, enzymes require an additional substance called WHAT which are typically inorganic ions of metals
Cofactor
Components of the body which detect temperature changes
Thermoreceptors
Refers to a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions which are linked to each other
Metabolic pathway
Metabolic rate is controlled by the hormone thyroxin which is produced by WHAT
Thyroid gland
A word used to describe a substance which will combine with the active site of an enzyme during a reaction
Substrate
Enzymes are said to be WHAT because each enzyme catalyzed only one type of reaction
Specific
In an enzyme catalyzed reaction, reaction rate will continue to increase with the addition of more substrate until all enzyme active sites are WHAT. The addition of more substrate beyond this point will result in no increase in reaction rate
Saturated
Lipid based hormones are composed of WHAT
Steroids
A biological catalyst is called a(n)
Enzyme
a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.
Enzyme inhibitor
What causes a protein to denature
Temperature
pH
Radiation
