Acronyms + Description Flashcards
3DES
Triple Digital Encryption Standard
Symmetric block cipher encrypts 64-bit blocks
A/A
Active/Active
A type of server load balancing where all the servers are active simultaneously. If one server fails, all others can pick up the load.
AAA
Authentication, Authorization, Accounting
- Authentication has 2 components: Identification (Username or email address) and the authentication factor (Something you know, Something you have, Something you are, Somewhere you are or are not, Something you do)
- Authorization: the rights and privileges assigned to a user to be able to perform their job.
- Accounting or Auditing: Accounting is the process of recording system activities and resource access. Auditing is part of accounting where an administrator examines logs of what was recorded.
ABAC
Attribute-based Access Control:
Access control based on different attributes: group membership, OS being used, IP address, the presence of up-to-date patches and anti-malware, geographic location. Typically used in an SDN (Software Defined Network).
ACE
Access Control Entry
Within an ACL, a record of subjects and the permissions they hold on the resource
ACI
Adjacent Channel Interference
If access points are physically close, then they should not share frequencies, otherwise they channels may interfere with each other.
ACL
Access Control List:
A list of objects and what subjects can access them. For example; A user accesses a directory but only has read access to the documents inside.
Routers and firewalls both employ ACLs, either allowing or denying access to different parts of the network.
ADS
Alternate Data Streams
AEAD
Authenticated Encryption with Additional Data
AES
Advanced Encryption Standard:
A symmetric block cipher. Three different block sizes; 128, 192, & 256 bit. Used in BitLocker
AES256
Advanced Encryption Standards 256-bit
AFF
Advanced Forensic Format
AH
Authentication Header:
An IPSec protocol that provides authentication as well as integrity & protection from replay attacks. Uses protocol # 51.
Authentication Header:
An IPSec protocol that provides authentication as well as integrity & protection from replay attacks. Uses protocol # 51.
Artificial Intelligence
AIS
Automated Indicator Sharing
Threat intelligence data feed operated by the DHS
ALE
Annual Loss Expectancy:
The amount of money an organization would lose over the course of a year. The formula is the SLE (Single Loss Expectancy) times the ARO (Annual Rate of Occurrence). SLE x ARO = ALE.
ANN
Artificial Neural Network
AP
Access Point:
Sometimes referred to as a WAP (Wireless Access Point). An AP is a bridge between wireless and wired networks.
A/P
Active/Passive
A type of server load balancer configuration where some of the servers are actively in use and others are on “standby” mode.
API
Application Programming Interface
A software module or component that identifies inputs and outputs for an application
APT
Advanced Persistent Threat:
An attack that uses multiple attack vectors, attempt to remain hidden as to maintain a connection to compromised systems. You can normally tie this to nation-states (foreign countries)
ARO
Annual Rate of Occurrence:
The number of times a year that a particular loss occurs. It is used to measure risk with ALE and SLE in a quantitative risk assessment.
ARP
Address Resolution Protocol:
Matches the MAC address to a known IP address. Easily spoofed, used in MITM (Man-in-the-Middle) attack.
ASLR
Address Space Layout Randomization
(ASLR) is a memory-protection process for operating systems (OSes) that guards against buffer-overflow attacks by randomizing the location where system executables are loaded into memory
ASP
Active Server Page
Provides an application as a service over a network
ATT&CK
Adversarial Tactics, Techniques,
and Common Knowledge
A knowledge base maintained by MITRE
AUP
Acceptable Use Policy
A-V
Anti-Virus
AV
Asset Value:
Asset Value is half of the formula for a one-time loss or SLE (Single Loss Expectancy). AV x EF (Exposure Factor) = SLE
AVT
Advanced Volatile Threat
BASH
Bourne Again Shell
Linux command line
BCP
Business Continuity Planning
Need to identify critical business systems, which systems need to be protected the most, and have resources available to help recover them
BGP
Border Gateway Protocol
BeEF
Browser Exploitation Frameworks
BIA
Business Impact Analysis
Identify resources that are critical to an organization’s ability to sustain operations against threats to those resources. It also assesses the possibility that each threat will occur and the impact those occurrences will have on the organization.
BIOS
Basic Input/Output System
The firmware sends instructions to the hardware so the system can boot.
BPA
Business Partnership Agreement
The agreement between two entities, what is expected with respect to finances, services, and security.
BPDU
Bridge Protocol Data Unit
BSSID
Basic Service Set Identifier
BYOD
Bring Your Own Device
The model where the organization allows a user to use their personal device for business needs also covers allowing the end-user to use the company’s Internet with their personal electronic devices.
C2
Command & Control
CA
Certificate Authority:
Sometimes referred to as PKI (Public Key Infrastructure). Issues and signs certificates, and maintains the public / private key pair.
CAC
Common Access Card
Considered a smart card or digital certificate. Typically issued to military personnel and contractors that need access to DoD (Department of Defense) systems and facilities. This falls under the “Something you have” authentication factor.
CAPTCHA
Completely Automated Public Turing
Test to Tell Computers and Humans
Apart
An image of text characters or audio of some speech that
is difficult for a computer to interpret
CAR
Corrective Action Report
A report to document actions taken to correct an event, incident, or outage.
CASB
Cloud Access Security Broker
Enterprise management software
designed to mediate access to cloud services by users across all types of devices
CBC
Cipher Block Chaining
A mode of operation for DES, which uses an IV (Initialization Vector) for the first plaintext block and then combines with the next plaintext block using XOR (Exclusive OR). There is a delay using this process. With this method, no plain-text block produces the same ciphertext.
CBT
Computer-based Training
CCI
Co-Channel Interference
CCMP
Cipher Block Chaining Message
Authentication Code Protocol
Strongest wireless encryption, replaces TKIP, used with AES
CCTV
Closed-circuit Television
Detective Control, Deterrent Control
CE
Cryptographic Erase
A method of sanitizing a self-encrypting drive by erasing the media encryption key
CER
Cross-over Error Rate
A metric for biometric technologies are rated. The CER is the point where the FRR (False Rejection Rate) and FAR (False Acceptance Rate) meet. The lowest possible CER is most desirable.
CERT
Computer Emergency Response Team
CFB
Cipher Feedback
This AES mode of operation is the streaming cipher version of CBC. It uses an IV and chaining. The IV is first encrypted and then the result is XORed with the previous plain-text block.
CHAP
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
An encrypted authentication protocol normally used for remote access.
CI
Continuous Integration
CIA
Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
CIO
Chief Information Officer
CIRT
Computer Incident Response Team
CIS
CIS
CISO
Chief Information Security Officer
CMS
Content Management System
SaaS (Software as a Service)
CN
Common Name
An X500 (LDAP) attribute expressing a host or user name, also used as the subject identifier for a digital certificate
COBO
Corporate Owned, Business Only
Enterprise mobile device provisioning model where the device is the property of the organization and personal use is prohibited.
COOP
Continuity of Operations Plan
Designing operations and systems to be as little affected by an incident and to have resources to recover from them.
COPE
Corporate Owned, Personally Enabled
Company owns and supplies the device. The employee may use the device for web browsing, personal email, and personal social media sites.
CP
Contingency Planning
CRC
Cyclical Redundancy Check
Error-detecting code used to detect errors in the packet during transmission.
CRL
Certificate Revocation List
A list of certificates that were revoked before they were configured to expire
CSA
Cloud Security Alliance
CSF
Cybersecurity Framework
CSIRT
Computer Security Incident Response Team
CSO
Chief Security Officer
CSP - 1
Cloud Service Provider
CSP - 2
Content Security Policy
CSP - 3
Cryptographic Service Provider
CSR
Certificate Signing Request
When a subject wants a certificate, it completes a CSR and submits it to a CA (Certificate Authority)
CSRF
Cross-Site Request Forgery
The attacker passes an HTTP request to the victim’s browser in an attempt to gain the user’s password and username. The output of the attack could include keywords such as “Buy” or “Purchase” or “Pay To”
CSU
Channel Service Unit
CTF
Capture The Flag
CTI
Cyber Threat Intelligence
CTM
Counter-Mode
The fastest of the modes. An encryption mode that uses a constantly changing IV also functions similarly to a stream cipher.
CTO
Chief Technology Officer
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
This is a place to find out what platforms have vulnerabilities
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System
This scoring system lets you know the criticality / impact to the system
CVV
Card Verification Value
CYOD
Choose Your Own Device
A mobile deployment model where the company gives the employees a list of approved mobile devices they can use on the corporate network. This helps keep the devices with more current models.
DAC
Discretionary Access Control
Access control is set by the data owner, or possibly the administrator. The permissions can be applied to a group or an individual.
DBA
Database Administrator
DBMS
Database Management Systems
dd
Data Duplicator
Linux command that makes a bit-by-bit copy of an input file, typically used for disk imaging
DDoS
Distributed Denial of Service
Many devices attacking a single device. The devices can be PCs’ laptops, DVRs, Webcams, etc. This type of attack is carried out via a botnet, and the devices are known as drones or zombies.
DEP
Data Execution Prevention
A feature that prevents malicious code from executing in memory. This feature is programmed into Windows, AMD CPU’s, & Intel CPU’s. If you were looking at a log output, you might see one of the columns as “DEP”. In the column, if it says “Yes”, good chance the malware did not execute from that area. If it says no, that might be where the attack originated.
DER
Distinguished Encoding Rules
Is used to create a binary representation of the information on the certificate. The DER-encoded binary file can be represented as ASCII characters using Base64 Privacy-enhanced Electronic Mail (PEM) encoding. File extensions .cer and .crt contain either binary DER or ASCII PEM data.
DES
Digital Encryption Standard
Symmetric block cipher that encrypts in blocks of 64 bits and uses a 56-bit key. This method is deprecated and the easiest upgrade is 3DES (Triple DES). Considered weak encryption and has been deprecated
DevOps
Development and Operations
DevSecOps
Development, Security, and Operations
DGA
Domain Generation Algorithm
D-H
Diffie-Hellman
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
A protocol that provides an automated process of assigning IP addresses. Can also issue optional parameters such as DNS address, DNS suffix, Default Gateway, and subnet mask. Uses Ports 67 & 68 UDP
DHE
Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral
A protocol for the secure exchange of encryption keys. The Ephemeral provides PFS (Perfect Forward Secrecy)
DKIM
Domain Keys Identified Mail
DLL
Dynamic Link Library
Is a binary package used to implement functionality, such as cryptography or establishing a network connection
DLP
Data Loss Prevention
A hardware or software solution that prevents a certain type of information from being exfiltrated from a device or network. Data like PII (Personally Identifiable Information), credit card numbers, Social Security numbers, data that is sensitive using keywords. USB blocking is a form of DLP. Preventing this type of information from being printed is another protection.
DMARC
Domain Message Authentication Reporting and Conformance
Prevents phishing and spear phishing attacks against an organization’s email server
DMZ
Demilitarized Zone
This is where you place your public-facing web servers. DMZ’s are configured as one of the connections or legs on a firewall. Now referred to as a screened subnet
DN
Distinguished Name
DNAT
Destination Network Address Translation
Also called “Port Forwarding”, the router accepts requests from the Internet for an application, and then sends the request to a designated host and port within the DMZ.
DNS
Domain Name Service (Server)
A service that maps / resolves host names to an IP address. Use Port 53 UDP for DNS queries, uses Port 53 TCP for Zone Transfers
DNSSEC
Domain Name System Security Extensions
A security protocol
that provides authentication of DNS data and upholds DNS data integrity
DOM
Document Object Model
DoS
Denial of Service
Is an attack that is one to one. Anything that can keep a device or user from accessing a service or information is a denial of service. One user flooding other user’s accounts with email attachments until the email box is full, cut the network cable or power are just a few examples.
DPO
Data Privacy Officer
DPP
Device Provisioning Protocol
DRDoS
Distributed Reflection Denial of Service
DRP
Disaster Recovery Plan
A step by step procedure to restore the organization to full functionality. This can be a failed web server, firewall, or some other critical component. The cause can be weather-related, man-made either intentional or accidental. Some items needed:
- Inventory list of hardware and software
- Contact info for DRP team members
- Contact info for employees, suppliers, vendors, customers
- Alternate site
- Backups
DSA
Digital Signature Algorithm
Public key encryption used for digital signatures. This is an asymmetric encryption method
DSL
Digital Subscriber Line
DV
Domain Validation
EAP
Extensible Authentication Protocol
EAP allows different authentication methods, most of using a digital certificate on the server and/or the client
EAP-FAST
EAP with Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling
Does not require certificates
EAP-TLS
Extensible Authentication Protocol-Transport Layer Security
Requires certificates on the clients and server
EAP-TTLS
EAP-Tunneled TLS
Requires certificates on the server only
EAPoL
EAP over LAN
ECB
Electronic Code Book
Not recommended for use, uses the same key for every packet, break one key, you have the entire message
ECC
Elliptic Curve Cryptography
Asymmetric encryption, used with wireless and mobile devices due to both have less processing power. ECC 128 is stronger than RSA 1024.
ECDHE
Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral
A secure method of exchanging shared keys using PFS (Perfect Forward Secrecy)
ECDSA
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Uses ElGamal with an elliptical curve to implement a digital signature.
EDR
Endpoint Detection and Response
A software agent that collects system data and logs for analysis by a monitoring system to provide early detection of threats
EF
Exposure Factor
EFS
Encrypted File System
An NTFS public key encryption. On a Windows system, you have the ability to encrypt a single file or folder based on the user’s credentials.
EIGRP
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
EKU
Extended Key Usage
EMI
Electromagnetic Interference
EMM
Enterprise Mobility Management
EOL
End of Life
When systems or applications are no longer supported by the manufacturer or developer.
EOS
End of Service
EOSL
End of Service Life
EPP
Endpoint Protection Platform
ERM
Enterprise Risk Management
ERP
Enterprise Resource Planning
ESI
Electronically Stored Information
ESN
Electronic Serial Number
ESP
Encapsulated Security Payload
An IPSec protocol that does the same as for AH (Authentication Header), but also encrypts/encapsulates the entire payload/packet. Uses protocol # 50.
EV
Extended Validation
Certificate to prevent phishing attacks
FACL
File System Access Control List
The file access control lists (FACLs) or simply ACLs are the list of additional user/groups and their permission to the file, on a Unix or Linux system.
FAR
False Acceptance Rate
A Type II error. The ratio of when a biometric system authenticates an unauthorized user as an authorized user.
FC
Fiber Channel
High speed network
communications protocol used to implement SANs
FDE
Full Disk Encryption
This means that the entire contents of the drive (or volume), including system files and folders, are encrypted. Two methods are BitLocker and PGP Whole Disk Encryption. This is a software-based or an operating system encryption method. These methods are more CPU intensive processes.
FER
Failure to Enroll Rate
FIDO
Fast Identity Online
FIM
File Integrity Monitoring
FPGA
Field Programmable Gate Array
FIPS
Federal Information Processing Standards
FRR
False Rejection Rate
Type I error. The ratio in which a biometric system rejects an authorized user.
FTK
Forensic Toolkit
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
Uploads and downloads large files to and from an FTP server. FTP transmits data in plaintext. FTP active mode uses TCP port 21 for control and TCP port 20 for data transfer. FTP passive mode (PASV) also uses TCP port 21 for control signals, but it uses a random TCP port for data.
If the user can connect to the FTP but not upload or download, disable PASV (passive mode)
FTPES
Explicit FTP over TLS
The client has the choice of using encryption or not for the file transfer
FTPS
Secure File Transfer Protocol / FTP over SSL
Ports 989 & 990 TCP,
transfer in plain text or encrypted via “Explicit” mode, forced to use encryption is “Implicit” mode
GCM
Galois Counter Mode
Provides confidentiality and authenticity of the data. This mode is used for authenticated encryption. GCM mode uses an IV (Initialization Vector) and that the IV is a nonce (number used once).
GCMP
AES Galois Counter Mode Protocol
GDPR
General Data Protection Regulation
Provisions and requirements
protecting the personal data of European Union (EU) citizens
GPG
Gnu Privacy Guard
GPG is a free implementation of PGP (Pretty Good Privacy). GPG allows the user to encrypt and digitally sign your emails or data.
GPO
Group Policy Object
Group Policy Object is a component of Group Policy (in Microsoft Active Directory) that can be used in Microsoft operating systems to control user accounts and user activity.
GPS
Global Positioning System
GPS is a way of determining a device’s position (its latitude and longitude) based on information received from GPS satellites. The device must have line-of-sight to the GPS satellites. GPS provides another means of locating the device.
GPU
Graphics Processing Unit
GRE
Generic Routing Encapsulation
GRE is a tunneling protocol that encapsulates over an IP network. GRE uses protocol number 47. Used with PPTP and IPSec.
HA
High Availability
The key premise is that systems are resilient and redundant. HA is the percentage of uptime a system is able to maintain over a period of a year. For example, 99% would equal being down 3.65 per year of 14 minutes per day. The five 9’s, 99.999%, would equal being down 5.25 minutes per year or .86 seconds per day.
HDD
Hard Disk Drive
HIDS
Host-Based Intrusion Detection System
HIPS
Host-Based Intrusion Prevention System
HMAC
Hashed Message Authentication Code
Hashing method provides integrity and authenticity of the message. Most often used with IPSec.
HOTP
HMAC based One Time Password
Provides PFS (Perfect Forward Secrecy), the password uses an incrementing counter, the password is valid until used.
HSM
Hardware Security Module
Provides root of trust, stores cryptographic keys, can also work as an SSL accelerator
HSMaaS
Hardware Security Module as a Service
HTML
Hypertext Markup Language
HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Port 80 TCP, plaintext
HTTPS
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
Port 443 TCP, requires certificates and TLS
HVAC
Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning
Provides availability, important in data centers
IaaS
Infrastructure as a Service
This type of service you have the most control.
IaC
Infrastructure as Code
A provisioning architecture in which deployment of resources is performed by scripted automation and orchestration
IAM
Identity and Access Management
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol
Suite containing ping, tracert, and pathping
ICS
Industrial Control Systems
IDEA
International Data Encryption Algorithm
Symmetric block cipher, uses XOR
IDF
Intermediate Distribution Frame
IdP
Identity Provider
SAML uses an Identity Provider for the authentication assertion.
IDS
Intrusion Detection System
Out-of-band. If anomaly, heuristic, or behavioral-based, need to establish a baseline first. Detects attacks and sends an alert.
IKE
Internet Key Exchange
IM
Instant Messaging
IMAP4
Internet Message Access Protocol v4
Uses Port 143 TCP, retrieves email
IMAPS
Secure IMAP
Port 993
IoC
Indicators of Compromise
IoT
Internet of Things
IoT includes any connecting to the Internet that is not a PC, tablet, or laptop.
IP - 1
Intellectual Property
IP -2
Internet Protocol
IPAM
IP Address Management
Software consolidating management of multiple DHCP and DNS services to provide oversight into IP address
allocation across an enterprise network
IPFIX
IP Flow Information Export
IPS
Intrusion Prevention System
IPS are in-band, either Signature-based or Anomaly-based.
IPSec
Internet Protocol Security
IPSec is used to secure data-in-transit. Works at Layer 3 of the OSI, and has two modes: transport and tunneling. In Transport mode, only the data is encrypted, not the header. in Tunnel mode, the packet and header are encrypted.
IR
Incident Response
IRC
Internet Relay Chat
IRP
Incident Response Plan
Specific procedures that must be performed if a certain type of event is detected or reported
ISA
Interconnection Security Agreement
ISAC
Information Sharing and Analysis
Center
Not-for-profit group set up to share sector-specific threat intelligence and security best practices amongst its members
ISE
Instant Secure Erase
ISFW
Internal Segmentation Firewall
ISP - 3
Incident Service Provider
ISSO
Information Systems Security Officer
ITCP
IT Contingency Plan
ITIL
Information Technology Infrastructure Library
IV
Initialization Vector
KDC
Key Distribution Center
KEK
Key Encryption Key
Encrypts the MEK (Media Encryption Key), which is generated from the user’s password.
L2TP
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
Port 1701 UDP, uses IPSec
LAMP
Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP / Perl / Python
LAN
Local Area Network
LDAP
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
Port 389 TCP, plaintext
LDAPS
Secure Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
Port 636 TCP, requires PKI/CA, uses TLS
LEAP
Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol
Does not require certificates, deprecated & replaced with EAP-FAST
MaaS
Monitoring as a Service
MAC - 1
Mandatory Access Control
Resources (objects) and users
(subjects) are allocated a clearance level (or label), or a “need to know” basis
MAC - 2
Media Access Control
MAC - 3
Message Authentication Code
Proving the integrity and authenticity of a message by combining its hash with a
shared secret
MAM
MAM
MAN
Metropolitan Area Network
MBR
Master Boot Record
MD5
Message Digest 5
Hashing algorithm, 128 bit, fastest, provides an integrity check. Not recommended, prone to collisions.
MDF
Main Distribution Frame
MDM
Mobile Device Management
The process and supporting technologies for tracking, controlling, and securing the
organization’s mobile infrastructure
MEF
Mission Essential Function
MFA
Multifactor Authentication
Two or more factors from the following:
- Something you know
- Something you have
- Something you are
- Something you do
- Somewhere you are or are not
MFD
Multifunction Device
MFP
Multifunction Printer
MitB
Man-in-the-Browser
MiTM
Man in the Middle
ML
Machine Learning
MMS
Multimedia Message Service
MOA
Memorandum of Agreement
MOU
Memorandum of Understanding
MPLS
Multiprotocol Label Switching
MSA
Measurement Systems Analysis
MS-CHAP
Microsoft Challenge-Handshake
Authentication Protocol
MSP
Managed Service Provider
MSSP
Managed Security Service Provider
MTBF
Mean Time Between Failures
The system can be repaired, the reliability of the system, need a redundant/fail-over system while the system is being repaired
MTD
Maximum Tolerable Downtime
MTTF
Mean Time to Failure
Life expectancy of a system, cannot be repaired
MTTR
Mean Time to Repair
The actual time it took to bring a system back online
MTU
Maximum Transmission Unit
NAC
Network Access Control
NAS
Network-attached Storage
NAT
Network Address Translation
Many internal IP addresses mapped to one external IP address.
NDA
Non-disclosure Agreement
NFC
NFC
NFV
Network Function Virtualization
NGFW
Next-generation Firewall
NG-SWG
Next-generation Secure Web Gateway
NIC
Network Interface Card
NIDS
Network-based Intrusion Detection System
NIDS can also perform rogue system detection.
NIPS
Network-based Intrusion Prevention System
NIST
National Institute of Standards and Technology
NOC
Network Operations Center
NOS
Network Operating System
NTFS
NTFS
NTLM
New Technology LAN Manager
NTP
Network Time Protocol
OAUTH
Open Authorization
OCSP
Online Certificate Status Protocol
OID
Object Identifier
OIDC
Open ID Connect
OS
Operating System
OSI
Open Systems Interconnection
OSINT
Open Source Intelligence
OSPF
Open Shortest Path First
OT
Operational Technology
OTA
OTG
OVAL
Open Vulnerability Assessment Language
OWASP
Open Web Application Security Project
P12
PKCS #12
P2P
Peer to Peer
PaaS
Platform as a Service
PAC
Proxy Auto Configuration
PAM - 1
Privileged Access Management
PAM -2
Pluggable Authentication Module
PAP
Password Authentication Protocol
PAT
Port Address Translation
PBKDF2
Password Based Key Derivation Function 2
PBX
Private Branch Exchange
PCAP
Packet Capture
PCI DSS
Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard
PDU
Power Distribution Unit
PEAP
Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol
PED
Personal Electronic Device
PEM
Privacy-enhanced Electronic Mail
PFS
Perfect Forward Secrecy
PFX
Personal Information Exchange
PGP
Pretty Good Privacy
Asymmetric encryption for email
PHI
Personal Health Information
PII
Personally Identifiable Information
PIN
Personal Identification Number
PIV
Personal Identity Verification
PKCS
Public Key Cryptography Standards
PKI
Public Key Infrastructure
PLC
Programmable Logic Controller
PNAC
Port-based Network Access Control
POP
Post Office Protocol
POP3S
Secure POP
Port 995
PoS
Point-of-Sale
POTS
Plain Old Telephone Service
PPP
Point-to-Point Protocol
PPTP
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
PSK
Pre-Shared Key
Password or passphrase
PtH
Pass the Hash
PTZ
Pan-Tilt-Zoom
PUP
Potentially Unwanted Program
QA
Quality Assurance
QoS
Quality of Servce
RA - 1
Recovery Agent
RA - 2
Registration Authority
RACE
Research and Development in Advanced
Communications Technologies in Europe
RAD
Rapid Application Development
