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Medical Information Technology > Acronyms > Flashcards

Acronyms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

EHR

A

Electronic health record - a patients health record available anywhere in an organisation. Usually a limited subset focussed on a particular discipline and accessible locally

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2
Q

MPI

A

Master Patient Index - list of all patients known to an organisation and their demographics and ID numbers

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3
Q

PAS

A

Patient administration system - central admin system covering patient appointments, note taking etc often contains results and acts as a portal to other systems

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4
Q

RIS

A

Radiology information system - scheduling of imaging, resource management and inventory tracking, reporting and presentation, sign off and billing

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5
Q

PACS

A

Picture archive and communication system - storage of images and other data, visualisation of images, data transfer between systems

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6
Q

TPS

A

Treatment planning system - plan preparation and dose calculation

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7
Q

Dose checking system

A

Independent check of intended delivery e.g. Another TPS

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8
Q

RVS/VRS

A

Record and verify system - verifies treatment being delivered as intended. Permits parameter overrides and records what was actually delivered

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9
Q

OMS

A

Oncology management system - EHR and PAS for radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Incorporates RVS and TPS and also includes general patient info, prescriptions, imaging and scheduling

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10
Q

Four type of network application architecture

A

Client/Server
Standalone
Hybrid
Peer-to-peer

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11
Q

ISO

A

International standards organisation

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12
Q

OSI

A

Open systems interconnection

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13
Q

Layers of a network

A

Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical

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14
Q

IP

A

Internet protocol - uniquely identifies a devices interface on a network to facilitate data transfer. IP address is a 32 bit number represented by 4 bytes.

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15
Q

Types of network connections

A 
Direct
Hub
Switch 
Gateway
Hub
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16
Q

Subnet

A

Local subdivision of an IP network. Subnet address common to all addresses in the subnet

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17
Q

Private subnet

A

Private IP address ranges that can be allocated at will and must not appear on the internet because they are not unique

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18
Q

NAT

A

Network address translation - mechanism by which traffic from host on a private subnet can be directed to the internet. Translated address is that of the internet access point.

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19
Q

Loopback address

A

127.0.0.1 - reserved address which directs traffic back to the local computer without reaching any real network interface.

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20
Q

TCP

A

Transmission Control Protocol - protocol for sending data packets over the internet. Built on top of IP. Operates at the data link layer. Data split into a series of sequential packets. Built in error detection/correction, packet receipt is aknowledged, data block reassembled at destination

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21
Q

UDP

A

Universal datagram protocol - simpler than TCP. No acknowledgement or info on sequence order or error checking, faster but more prone to error. Live broadcasts and online games

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22
Q

Port

A

Network location defined by IP address (device) and port (application communicating on that device). 16 bit integers

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23
Q

MAC address

A

Media access control address - physics address operating at data link layer. Represented by 6 bytes. Each network interface has a globally unique MAC address and each manufacturer has own unique prefix.

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24
Q

LAN

A

Local area network - small geographical area

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25
Q

WAN

A

Wider area network - large geographical area

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26
Q

MAN

A

Metropolitan area network - distributed over a city

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27
Q

N3

A

NHS WAN - private network linking NHS organisations. Prefixed nww.

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28
Q

DNS

A

Directory Name Service - links hostnames to IP address

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29
Q

DHCP

A

Dynamic host configuration protocol - allocates IP address to network device based on MAC address

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30
Q

AD

A

Active directory (AD) - superset of DNS that provides additional resources

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31
Q

VPN

A

Virtual private network - allows secure connection to network from external location. External resource appears to be on the private network with a local IP address

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32
Q

Network bandwidth

A

Rate at which data can be transferred in one direction - Mbps (bits)

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33
Q

Network latency

A

Delay between packet being sent by the sender and received by the receiver. Time taken for packet to travel from sender to receiver.

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34
Q

Ipconfig

A

Provides information about network interfaces - status, ip addresses, MAC addresses, DHCP information, DNS information,

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35
Q

Ping

A

Verifies that route between source and destination exists. Measures network latency. Resolves IP address from host name using DNS. Resolves hostname from IP address. Sends special ICMP packet (internet control message protocol) and waits for an ICMP echo reply.

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36
Q

Traceroute

A

Records routers through which packets travel on way to destination. Displays ping-type statistics

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37
Q

NS lookup

A

Name server lookup - interrogates DNS server for given hostname

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38
Q

Netstat

A

Reports status and statistics of network services

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39
Q

Sysinternal tools

A

TCPView

ProcMon

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40
Q

Wireshark

A

Monitors and reports on network traffic - reports on traffic intended for local computer only

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41
Q

Sources of standards

A

International Standards Organisations - ISO
National Standards Organisations - British Standards institution
Professional Standards - National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
Corporate/Organisational Standards - NHS, Microsoft

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42
Q

HSCIC

A

Health and social care information centre

43
Q

Open standards

A

Published and available to interested parties. Should be non-proprietary and freely available. Should allow parties to contribute to the Standards development.

44
Q

DICOM

A

Digital imaging and communications in medicine - a standard covering digital images and associated data

45
Q

DICOM scope

A 
Transfer of data across a network 
Storage onto media - physical specifications and file format 
Conformance of systems 
Compression and security 
Image display and output
46
Q

DICOM data element

A

Unit of information with defined data type and structure

47
Q

Information object

A

Set of objects that describe a physical entity e.g. CT slice, plan

48
Q

Service class

A

Action which can be performed on information objects e.g. Transferring, archiving, printing

49
Q

SOP

A

Service object pair - defined action that can be performed on a particular object

50
Q

DIMSE service classes

A

DICOM message service element service classes - implemented by application software. User - storageSCU, provider - storageSCP

51
Q

DICOM organisation

A

Patient - study - series - instance

52
Q

IHE profile

A

Integrating the health enterprise - define standard ways of communicating between different systems usually using DICOM and HL7.

53
Q

HTTP

A

HyperText transfer protocol - structured text used to facilitate communication across the World Wide Web. Based on methods GET, POST, HEAD. Secured using SSL.

54
Q

HTML

A

HyperText MarkUp Language - written in the form of HTML elements enclosed in angled brackets, web browsers read the HTML files, interpret the tags and turn them into web pages

55
Q

Data encryption

A

Translation of data into a secret code. Used where there is a need to protect sensitive data in transit and at rest. Denies message content to interceptor.

56
Q

SSL

A

Secure sockets layer - encrypted link between web browser and web server

57
Q

ISMS

A

Information security management systems

58
Q

NHS principles of Information Security

A

Confidentiality - data secured against unauthorised access
Integrity - safeguarded against unauthorised modification
Availability - accessible to authorised users when needed

59
Q

Information governance

A

Ensures the necessary safeguards for the appropriate use of patient and personal information

60
Q

Key IG legislation

A 
DPA 1998
Caldecott principles 
Computer Misuse Act 1990
FOIA 2000
HSCA 2012
61
Q

Data protection act 1998

A 
Processed fairly and lawfully
Processed only for specified purposes 
Adequate, relevant and not excessive 
Accurate and up to date 
Not kept for longer than necessary 
Processed in accordance with rights of data subject 
Appropriate security 
Not transferred out of EU without protection
62
Q

Caldicott principles

A

Justify the purpose of every proposed used or transfer
Don’t use unless absolutely necessary
Use the minimum necessary
Access to it should be in a strict need to know basis
Everyone with access to it should be aware of their responsibilities
Understand and comply with the law
Duty to share information can be as important as duty to protect patient

63
Q

Computer Misuse Act 1990

A

Unauthorised access to computer material
Unauthorised access to a computer system with intent to commit or facilitate the commissioning of a serious crime
Unauthorised modification of computer material

64
Q

Problem definition

A

Defines what the problem is without any reference to possible solutions

65
Q

Requirements

A

Describe in detail what a software system is supposed to do and they are the first step to a solution

66
Q

Software architecture

A

High-level part of software design, the frame that holds the more detailed parts of the design

67
Q

Software design

A

Conception of a scheme for turning a specification for a computer program into an operational program

68
Q

Characteristics of a design

A 
Minimal complexity
Ease of maintenance 
Loose coupling 
Extensibility 
Reusability 
High fan-in - a large number of software objects use a given software object 
Low to medium fan out - given software object uses a low to medium number of other objects 
High cohesion 
Portability 
Leanness 
Stratification 
Standard techniques
69
Q

UML

A

Unified modelling language - a set of formalised graphical representations for design entities and relationships

70
Q

Pseudocode

A

Informal, natural language-like notation for describing how an algorithm or program will work

71
Q

Real-time system

A

Any information processing system which has to respond to externally generated input stimuli within a finite and specified period

72
Q

Hard real time

A

Imperative responses occur within a required deadline e.g. Flight control

73
Q

Soft real time

A

Systems where deadlines are important but system will still function correctly if sometimes missed

74
Q

Firm real time

A

Soft real time but in which there is no benefit for late delivery

75
Q

Time-aware

A

makes explicit reference to time

76
Q

Reactive

A

System must produce output within deadline

77
Q

Time-triggered

A

Computation triggered by passage of time

78
Q

Event-triggered

A

Computation is triggered by an external or internal event

79
Q

Characteristics of a real time system

A

Guaranteed response time
Concurrent control of separate system components
Facilities to interact with specific hardware
Support for numerical computation
Extreme reliability and safety

80
Q

Safety

A

Freedom from conditions that can cause death, harm or injury

81
Q

Reliability

A

A measure of the success with which a system conforms to some authoritative specification of its behaviour

82
Q

Failure

A

When the behaviour of a system deviates from that which is specified for

83
Q

Fault types

A

Transient - fault starts at a particular time, remains in the system and then disappears
Permanent - fault remains in the system until repaired
Intermittent - transient faults that occur from time to time

84
Q

Fault prevention

A

Attempts to eliminate any possibility of faults creeping into a system before it goes operational

85
Q

Fault tolerance

A

Enables a system to continue functioning even in the presence of faults

86
Q

Fault avoidance

A

Limits the introduction of faults during system construction

87
Q

Three types of fault tolerance

A

Full fault tolerance - system continues to operate in presence of faults for a limited time with no loss of performance
Graceful degradation - system continues to operate accepting a partial degredation
Fail safe - system maintains integrity while accepting a temp hault

88
Q

Protective redundancy

A

Extra elements in the system for detection and recovery of faults

89
Q

Exception handling

A

Error recovery mechanism - control passed to handler so recovery procedure can be initiated

90
Q

Benefits of exception handling

A

Cope with abnormal conditions arising to the environment
Enable program design faults to be tolerated
Provide a general purpose error detection and recovery facility

91
Q

Medical image

A

Representation of the human body that can be interpreted by an observer

92
Q

Image fusion

A

Bringing images together into same geometrical context on same screen

93
Q

FBP

A

Filtered back projection

94
Q

Image

A

Array of imaging device output numbers mapped onto pixels of the output device

95
Q

Windowing

A

Select a range of data values and stretch these across available pixel values of the display device

96
Q

Signal

A

Function of one or more variables which conveys information on the nature of a physical phenomenon

97
Q

Aliasing

A

Effect that causes different signals to become indistinguishable when sampled

98
Q

Fourier transform

A

Mathematical transformation employed to transform signals between time domain and frequency domain

99
Q

Medical device

A

Any instrument, apparatus, appliance, material or other article, whether used alone or in combination including the software necessary for its proper application intended by the manufacturer to be used for human beings for the purpose of:
Diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment or alleviation of a disease
Diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, alleviation or compensation for an injury or handicap
Investigation, replacement, or modification of the anatomy or of a physiological process
Control of conception

And which does not achieve its principal intended action on the human body by pharmacological, immunological, or metabolic means, but which may be assisted in its function by such means

100
Q

Placing on the market

A

Making available in return of payment or free of charge of a device other than a device intended for clinical investigation with a view of distribution and or use on the community market regardless of whether it is new or fully refurbished

101
Q

Custom-made device

A

Any device specifically made in accordance with a duly qualified medical practitioners written prescription which gives under his responsibility specific design characteristics and is intended for the sole use of a particular patient

102
Q

Medical device essential requirements

A

Relevant standards
Appropriate validation
Risk management
Technical file

103
Q

Verification

A

To determine whether the software is doing what it is claiming to do correctly

104
Q

Validation

A

Determine that it meets the requirement and is fit for purpose

Medical Information Technology (1 decks)

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