Acronym w. Definition . Flashcards
3DES
Triple Digital Encryption Standard
A symmetric algorithm used to encrypt data & provide confidentiality.
AAA
A group of technologies used in remote access systems.
- Authentication verifies a user’s identification.
- Authorization determines if a user should have access.
- Accounting tracks a user’s access with logs.
ABAC
Attribute-Based Access Control
An access control model that grants access to resources based on attributes assigned to subjects and objects.
AUP
Acceptable Use Policy
A policy defining proper system usage and the rules of behavior for employees.
It often describes the purpose of computer systems and networks, how users can access them, and the responsibilities of users when accessing the systems.
AP
Access Point
A device that connects wireless clients to wireless networks. Sometimes called wireless access point (WAP).
Accounting
The process of tracking the activity of users and recording this activity in logs. One method of accounting is audit logs that create an audit trail.
ACLs
Access control lists. Lists of rules used by routers and stateless firewalls. These devices use the ACL to control traffic based on networks, subnets, IP addresses, ports, and some protocols.
Active Reconnaissance
A penetration testing method used to collect information. It sends data to systems and analyzes responses to gain information on the target.
Ad Hoc
A connection mode used by wireless devices without an AP.
Administrative controls
Security controls implemented via administrative or management methods.
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
A strong symmetric block cipher that encrypts data in 128-bit blocks.
Affinity
A scheduling method used with load balancers. It used the client’s IP address to ensure the client is redirected to the same server during session.
Aggregation switch
A switch used to connect multiple switches together into a network. Switches connect to the aggregation switch and it connects to a router.
Agile
A software development life cycle model that focuses on interaction and integrity.
Authentication Header (AH)
Only used in Tunneling mode, to encrypt the message headers.
- An option within IPSec to provide authentication and integrity.
Airgap
A physical security control that provides physical isolation. Systems separated by an airgap don’t typically have any physical connections to other systems.
Annual Loss Expectancy (ALE)
The expected loss for a year.
Used to measure risk with ARO and SLE in a quantitative risk assessment.
SLE x ARO = ALE
Amplification attack
An attack that increased the amount of bandwidth sent to a victim.
Anomaly
A type of monitoring on intrusion detection and intrusion prevention systems.
Detects attacks by comparing operations against a baseline.
Aka Heuristic detection
ANT
A proprietary wireless protocol used by some mobile devices.
Not an acronym
Antispoofing
A method used on some routers to protect against spoofing attacks.
Antivirus
Software that protects systems from malware.
Application blacklist
A list of applications that a system blocks.
Users are unable to install or run any applications on the list.
Application cell
A virtualization technology that runs services or applications within isolated application cells (containers).
Aka application containers
Application whitelist
A list of applications that a system allows.
Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)
A group that has both the capability and intent to launch sophisticated and targeted attacks.
Annual Rate of Occurrence (ARO)
The number of times a loss is expected to occur in a year.
arp
A command-line tool used to show and manipulate the Address Resolution Protocol cache.
ARP Poisoning
An attack that misleads systems about the actual MAC address of a system.
Asset Value
An element of a risk assessment. It identifies the value of an asset and can include any product, system, resource, or process.
Asymmetric encryption
A type of encryption using two keys to encrypt & decrypt data.
- uses public key & private key.
Attestation
A process that checks and validated system files during the boot process.
Audit trail
A record of events recorded in one or more logs, the can re-create the events that occurred leading up to a security incident.
Authorization
The process of granting access to resources for users who prove their identity, based on their proven identity.
- username & passwords.
Authentication
The process that occurs when a user provided an identity, such as a password.
Availability
Ensures that systems and data are up & operational when needed.
- one of the three melon goals of information security known as the CIA.
Backdoor
An alternate method of accessing a system.
Background check
A check into a person’s history, typically to determine eligibility for a job.
Banner grabbing
A method used to gain information about a remote system.
Bcrypt
A key stretching algorithm.
- used to protect passwords
- salts passwords with additional bits before encrypting them with Blowfish.
- this thwarts rainbow table attacks.
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
A computer’s firmware used to manipulate different settings such as the date & time, boot drive, and access password.
*UEFI is the designated replacement for BIOS
Birthday
A password attack named after the birthday paradox in probability theory.
- paradox states that for any random group of 23 people, there is a 50% chance that 2 of them have the same birthday.
Black box text
A type of penetration test. Testers have zero knowledge of the environment prior to starting the test.
Block cipher
An encryption method that encrypts data in fixed-sized blocks.
Blowfish
A strong symmetric block cipher. It encrypts data in 64-bit blocks and supports key sizes between 32 & 448 bits.
Bluejacking
An attack against Bluetooth devices.
- sending unsolicited messages to nearby Bluetooth devices.
Bluesnarfing
An attack against Bluetooth devices. Attackers gain unauthorized access to Bluetooth devices and can access all the data on the device.
Bollards
Short vertical posts that act as a barricade. Bollards block vehicles, not people.
Bots
Software robots that function automatically.
Business Partners Agreement (BPA)
A written agreement that details the relationship between business partners, including their obligations towards the partnership.
Bridge
A network device used to connect multiple networks together.
- can be used instead of a router.
Brute force
A password attack that attempts to guess a password.
Buffer overflow
An error that occurs when an application receives more input, or different input, than it expects.
- it exposes system memory that is normally inaccessible.
Business Impact Analysis (BIA)
A process that helps an organization identify critical systems and components that are essential to the organization’s success.
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
A mobile device deployment model. Employees can connect their personally owned device to the network.
Certificate Authority (CA)
An organization that manages, issues, and signs certificates.
- a main element of PKI
Common Access Card (CAC)
Specialized type of smart card used by the U.S Department of Defense.
Captive portal
A technical solution that forces wireless clients using web browsers to complete a process before accessing a network.
Carrier unlocking
The process of unlocking a mobile phone from a specific cellular provider.
Cipher Blocking Chaining (CBC)
A mode of operation used for encryption that effectively converts a block cipher into a stream cipher.
Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol (CCMP)
Encryption protocol based on AES and used with WPA2 for wireless security. It is more secure than TKIP.
Canonical Encoding Rules (CER)
A base format for PKI certificates. They are binary encoded files.
Certificate
A digital file used for encryption, authentication, digital signatures, and more.
Certificate Chaining
A process that combines all certificates within a trust model.
Chain of custody
A process that provides assurances that evidence has been controlled and handled properly after collection.
Change Management
The process used to prevent unauthorized changes.
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
An authentication mechanism where a server challenges a client.
Chroot
A Linux command us d to change the root directory.
- often used for sandboxing.
Ciphertext
The result of encrypting plaintext.
Clean desk policy
A security policy requiring employees that o keep their areas organized and free of papers.
Clickjacking
An attack that tricks users into clicking something other than what they think they’re clicking.
Cloud Access Security Broker (CASB)
Software tool or service that enforced cloud-based security requirements.
Cloud Deployment Models
Cloud model types that identify who has an access to cloud resources.
- Public Clouds: for any organization
- Private Clouds: for single organization
- Community Clouds: shared among community
- Hybrid Clouds: Combination of two or more clouds
Code signing
The process of assigning a certificate to code.
- certificate includes a digital signature & validates the code.
Cold Site
An alternate location for operations.
Collision
A hash vulnerability that can be used to discover passwords.
- occurs when two different passwords create the same hash.
Compensating controls
Security controls that are alternative controls used when a primary security controls is not feasible.
Complied code
Code that had been optimized by an application and converted into an executable file.
Confidential data
Data meant to be kept secret among a certain group of people. As an example,salary data is meant to be kept secret and not shared with everyone within a company.
Confidentiality
One of the three main goals of information security knows as the CIA security triad.
Ensures that unauthorized entities cannot access data.
Encryption & access controls help protect against the lost of confidentiality.
Configuration compliance scanner
A type of vulnerability scanner that verify systems are configured correctly. Can use a file that identifies the proper configuration for systems.
Confusion
The cryptography concept that indicates ciphertext is significantly different than plain text.
Containerization
A method used to isolate applications and mobile devices. That isolates and protects the application, including any data used by the application.
Context-aware authentication
And authentication method using multiple elements to authenticate a user and a mobile device. It can include identity, Geolocation, the device type, and more.
Continuity of operations planning
The planning process that identifies an alternate location for operations after a critical outage. It can include a hot sight, cold side, or warm sight.
Control diversity
The use of different security control times, such as technical controls, administrative controls, and physical controls.
Controller-based AP
An AP that is managed by a controller. Also called a thin AP.
COPE
Corporate-owned, personally enabled.
A mobile device deployment model. The organization purchases and issues devices to employees.
Corrective controls
Security controls their attempt to reverse the impact of a security incident.
CRL
Certificate revocation list.
A list of certificates that a CA has revoked. Certificates are commonly revoked if they are compromised, or issued to an employee who has left the organization.
Crossover error rate
The points were the false acceptance rate (FAR) crosses over with the false rejection rate (FRR). A lower C ER indicates a more accurate biometrics system.
XSRF
Cross-site request forgery
A Web application attack. XSRF attacks trick users into performing actions on websites, such as making purchases, without their knowledge.
XSS
Cross-site scripting
A web application vulnerability. Attackers in bed malicious HTML or JavaScript code into a web site’s code, which executes when a user visits the site
Crypto-malware
It’s a type of ransom where that encrypts the user’s data.
Crypto module
A set of hardware, software, and/or firmware that implements cryptographic functions.
Crypto service provider
A software library of cryptographic standards and algorithms. These library‘s are typically distributed within crypto modules.
CSR
Certificate signing request.
A method of requesting a certificate from a CA. It starts by creating an RSA-based private/public key pair and then including the public key in the CSR.
CTM
Counter mode
A mode of operation use for encryption that combines an IV with a counter. The combined result is used to encrypt blocks.
Custom firmware
Mobile device firmware other than the firmware provided with the device. People sometimes use custom firmware to root android devices.
CIRT
Cyber-incident response team
A group of experts who respond to security incidents.
CYOD
Choose your own device
A mobile device deployment model. Employees can connect there personally on device to the network as long as the device is on a pre-approved list.
DAC
Discretionary access control
An access control model where all objects have owners and owners can modify permissions for the objects files and folders Microsoft NTFS uses the DAC model.
Data-at-rest
Any data stored on media. It’s common to encrypt sensitive data-at-rest.
DEP
Data execution prevention
A security feature that prevents code from executing in memory regions marked as nonexecutable. It helps block malware.
Data exfiltration
The unauthorized transfer of data outside an organization.
Data-in-transit
Any data sent over a network. It’s common to encrypt sensitive data-in-transit.
Data-in-use
Any data currently being used by a computer. Because the computer needs to process the data, it is not encrypted while in use.
Data retention policy
A security policy specifying how long data should be kept (retained).
Data sovereignty
A term that refers to the legal implications of data stored in different countries. It is primarily concern related to back up stored an alternate locations via the cloud.
DDos
Distributed denial-service
An attack on a system launched from multiple sources intended to make a computers resources or services unavailable to users. Do you DOS attacks typically include sustained, abnormally high network traffic.
Dead code
Code that is never executed or used. It is often caused by logic errors.
Defense in depth
Do use of multiple layers of security to protect resources. Control diversity and vendor diversity or two methods organizations implement to provide defense in depth.
Degaussing
The process of removing data for magnetic media using a very powerful electronica magnet. Degaussing is sometimes used to remove data from back up tapes or to destroy hard disks.
DER
Distinguished encoding rules
A base format for PKI certificates. They are BASE64 ASCII encoded files.
DES
Data encryption standard
A legacy symmetric encryption standard used to provide confidentiality it has been compromised and AES or 3DES should be used instead.
It is the weakest encryption standard.
Detective controls
Security controls that attempt to discourage individuals from causing a security incident.
Dictionary
A password attack that uses a file of words and character combinations. The attack tries every entry within the file when trying to get a password.
Differential backup
A type of back up that backs up all the data that has changed or is different since the last full backup.
DH
Diffie-Hellman
And asymmetric algorithm used to privately share symmetric keys. DH ephemeral (DHE) uses ephemeral keys, Which are re-created for each session. Elliptic curve DHE (ECDHE) uses elliptic her cryptography to generate encryption keys.
Diffusion
A cryptography concept that ensures that small changes in plain text result in significant changes in ciphertext.
Dig
A command-line tool used to test DNS on Linux systems.
Digital signature
And encrypted hash of a message, encrypted with the senders private key. It provides authentication, non-repudiation, and integrity.
Disablement policy
A policy that identifies when administrators should disable user accounts.
Disassociation attack
An attack that removes wireless clients from a wireless network.
Dissolvable agent
A NAC agent that runs on a client, but deletes itself later. It checks the client for health.
DLL injection
An attack that injects a dynamic link library (DLL) into memory and runs it. Attackers rewrite the DLL, inserting malicious code.
DLP
Data loss prevention
A group of technologies used to prevent data loss. They can block the use of USB devices, monitor outgoing email to detect and block unauthorized data transfers, and monitor data stored in the cloud.
DMZ
Demilitarized zone
A buffer zone between the Internet and an internal network. Internet clients can access the service is hosted on servers in the DMZ, but the DMZ provides a layer of protection for the internal network
DNSSEC
Domain name system security extensions
A suite of extensions toDNS used to protect the integrity of DNS records and prevent some DNS attacks.
DNS poisoning
An attack that modifies or karups DNS results. Do you NSSAC helps prevent DNS poisoning.
Domain hijacking
An attack that changes the registration of a domain name without permission from the owner.
DOS
Denial-of-service
An attack from a single source that attempts to disrupt the services provided by the attached system.
Downgrade attack
A type of attack that forces a system to downgrade its security the attacker then exports the lesser security control.
DSA
Digital signature algorithm
And encrypted hash of a message used for authentication, non-repudiation, and integrity. The senders private key increase the hash of the message.
Dumpster diving
The practice of searching through trash looking to gain information from discarded documents. Shredding or burning papers helps prevent the success of dumpster diving.
EAP
Extensible authentication protocol
And authentication framework that provides general guidance for authentication methods.
Variations include:
- PEAP
- EAP-TTLS
- EAP-FAST
EAP-FAST
EAP-flexible authentication via secure tunneling (EAP-FAST)
A Cisco-designed replacement for lightweight EAP (LEAP). EAP-FAST supports certificates, but they are optional.
EAP-TLS
Extensible authentication protocol-transport layer security
An extension of EAP sometimes used with 802.1x. This is one of the most secure EAP standards and is widely implemented. It requires certificates on the 802.1x server and on the clients.
EAP-TTLS
Extensible authentication protocol-tunneled transport layer security
An extension of EAP sometimes used with 802.1x. It allows systems to use some older authentication method such as PAP within a TLS tunnel. It requires a certificate on the 802.1x server but not on the clients.
ECB
Electronic Codebook
A legacy mode of operation used for encryption. It is weak and should not be used.
Embedded system
Any device that has a dedicated function and uses a computer system to perform that function. It includes a CPU, and operating system, and one or more applications.
EMI
Electromagnetic interference
Interference caused by motors, power lines, and fluorescent lights. The MI shielding prevents outside interference sources from corrupting data and prevents data from emanating outside the cable.
EMP
Electromagnetic pulse
A short burst of energy that can potentially damage electronica equipment. They can result from electrostatic discharge (ESD) lightning, and military weapons.
Encryption
A process that scrambles, or ciphers, data to make it unreadable. Encryption normally includes a public algorithm and a private key.
Two Types:
- asymmetric
- symmetric
Enterprise
A wireless mode that uses in 802.1x server for security. It forces users to authenticate with a username and password.
Ephemeral Key
The type of key used in cryptography. Ephemeral keys have very short lifetimes and are re-created for each session.
Error handling
A programming process that handles errors gracefully.
ESP
Encapsulating security payload
Is used to encrypt the data being transmitted.
- An option with an IPsec to provide confidentiality, integrity, and authentication.
Evil twin
A type of rogue AP. An evil twin has the same SSID as a legitimate AP.
Exit interview
An interview conducted with departing employees just before they leave an organization.
Exploitation frameworks
Tools used to store information about security vulnerabilities. They are often used by penetration testers (and attackers) to detect an exploit software.
Extranet
The part of an internal network shared with outside entities. Extra notes are often used to provide access to an authorized business partners, customers, vendors, or others.
Facial recognition
A biometric method that identifies people based on facial features.
False negative
A security incident that isn’t detected or reported. As an example, a NIDS false negative occurs if an attack is active on the network but the NIDS does not raise an alert.
False positive
An alert on an event that isn’t a security incident. As an example, a NIDS false positive occurs if the NIDS raises an alert with activity on the network is normal.
FAR
False acceptance rate
Also called the false match rate. A rate that identifies the percentage of times a biometric authentication system incorrectly indicates a match.
Faraday cage
A room or enclosure that prevents signals from emanating beyond the room or enclosure.
Fat AP
An AP that includes everything needed to connect wireless clients to a wireless network. Fat APs Must be configured independently. Sometimes called a stand-alone AP.
Fault tolerance
The capability of a system to suffer a fault, but continue to operate. Said another way, the system can tolerate the fault as if it never occurred.
FDE
Full desk encryption
A method to encrypt an entire disk.
Federation
Two or more members of a federated identity management system. Used for single sign-on.
Fingerprint scanners
Biometric systems that scan fingerprints for authentication.
Firewall
Is software or a network device used to filter traffic. Firewalls can be application-based (running on a host), or a network-based device.
Stateful firewalls filter traffic using rules within an ACL.
Stateless firewalls filter traffic based on its state within a session.
Firmware OTA updates
Over-the-Air updates for mobile device firmware that keep them up to date. These are typically downloaded to the device from the Internet and applied to update the device.
Flood guard
A method of thwarting flood attacks. On switches, a flood guard thwarts MAC flood attacks. On routers, a flood guard prevents SYN flood attacks.
Framework
A structure used to provide a foundation. Cyber security frameworks typically use a structure of basic concepts and provide guidance to professionals on how to implement security.
FRR
False rejection rate
Also called the false non-match rate. A rate that identifies the percentage of times a biometric authentication system incorrectly rejects a valid match.
FTPS
File transfer protocol secure
An extension of FTP that uses TLS to encrypt FTP traffic. Some implementations of FTPS use TCP ports 989 and 990.
Full backup
A type of back up that backs up all the selected data. A full backup could be considered a normal backup.
Full tunnel
An encrypted Connection used with VPNs. When a user is connected to a VPN, all traffic from the user is encrypted.
GCM
Galois/Counter Mode
A mode of operation used for encryption. It combines the counter mode (CTM) with hashing techniques for data authenticity and confidentiality.
Geofencing
A virtual fence or a geographic boundary. It uses GPS to create a boundary. Apps can then respond when a mobile device is within the virtual fence.
Geolocation
The location of a device identified by GPS. It can help locate a lost or stolen mobile device.
GPO
Group Policy Object
A technology used within Microsoft windows to manage users and computers. It is implemented on a domain controller within a domain.
GPS
Global Positioning System
A satellite-based navigation system that identifies the location of a device or vehicle. Mobile devices often incorporate GPS capabilities.
GPS tagging
The process of adding geographical data to file such as pictures. It typically includes latitude and longitude coordinates with the location where the picture was taken or the file was created.
Gray box test
A type of penetration test
Testers have some knowledge of the environment prior to starting the test.
Group-based access control
A role-based access control method that uses groups as roles.
Guest account
A pre-created account and Windows systems. It is disabled by default.
Hacktivist
An attacker who launches attacks as part of an activist movement or to further a cause.
Hardware route of trust
A known secure starting points. TPMs have a private key burned into the hardware that provides a hardware route of trust.
Hash
A number created by executing a hashing algorithm against data, such as a file or message. Hashing is commonly used for integrity. Common hashing algorithms are MD5, SHA-one, and HMAC.
Heuristic/behavioral
A type of monitoring on intrusion detection and intrusion prevention systems. It detects attacks by comparing traffic against a baseline it is also known as anomaly detection.
HIDS
Host-based intrusion detection system
Software installed on a system to detect attacks. It protects local resources on the host. They host-based intrusion prevention system HIPS is an extension of a HIDS. It is software installed on a system to detect and block attacks.
High availability
A term that indicates a system or a component remains available close to 100% of the time.
HMAC
Hash-based Message Authentication Code
Rehashing algorithm used to verify integrity and authenticity of a message with the use of a shared secret. It is typically combined with another hashing algorithm such as SHA.
Hoax
A message, often circulated through email, that tells of impending doom from a virus or other security threat that simply doesn’t exist.
Home automation
Smart devices used within the home that have IP address is. These are typically accessible via the Internet and are part of the Internet of things (IoT).
Honeypot
A server designed to attract an attacker. It’s typically has weakened security encouraging attackers to investigate it.
Honeynet
A group of honeypots in a network. Honeynets are configured in virtual networks.
Hot and cold aisles
A method commonly used in data centers to keep equipment cool. Cool air flows from the front of the cabinets to the back, making the front aisle cooler and the back aisle warmer.
HOTP
HMAC-based One-Time Password
An open standard used for creating one-time passwords. It combines a secret key and a counter, and then uses HMAC to create a hash of the result.
Hot site
An alternate location for operations. A hot site typically includes everything needed to be operational within 60 minutes.
HSM
Hardware security module
A removable or external device that can generate, store and manage RSA keys used in asymmetric encryption.
HTTPS
Hypertext transfer protocol secure
A protocol used to encrypt HTTP traffic. Which TTPS in crêpes traffic with TLS using TCP port 443.
HVAC
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
A physical security control that increases availability by regulating airflow within data centers and server rooms.
IaaS
Infrastructure as a Service
A cloud computing model that allows an organization to rent access to hardware in a self-managed platform.
Compare with Paas and Saas.
ICS
Industrial Control System
A system that controls large systems such as power plants or water treatment facilities.
A SCADA system controls the ICS.
Identification
The process that occurs when a user claims an identify, such as with a username.
IEEE 802.1x
An authentication protocol used in VPNs and wired and wireless networks. VPNs often implement it as a RADIUS server. Wired networks use it for port-based authentication. Wireless networks use it in Enterprise mode. It can be used with certificate-based authentication.
ifconfig
A command-line tool used on Linux systems to show and manipulate settings on a network interface card (NIC). Similar to ipconfig on Windows systems.
IMAP4
Internet Message Access Protocol version 4
A protocol used to store and manage email on servers. IMAP4 uses TCP port 143. Secure IMAP4 uses TLS to encrypt IMAP4 traffic.
Impact
The magnitude of harm related to a risk. It is the negative result of an event, such as the loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability of a system or data.
Compare with likelihood of occurrence.
Implicit deny
A rule in an ACL that blocks all traffic that hasn’t been explicitly allowed. The implicit rule is the last rule in an ACL.
Incident response
The process of responding to a security incident. Organizations often create an incident response plan that outlines the procedures to be used when responding to an incident.
IRP
Incident response plan
The procedures is documented in an incident response policy.
Incident response process
The phases of incident response, including preparation, identification, containment, eradication, recovery, and lessons learned.
Incremental backup
A type of backup that backs up all the data that has changed since the last fall or incremental backup.
Injection attack
An attack that injects code or commands. Common injection attacks RDLL injection, command injection, and SQL injection attacks.
Inline
A configuration that forces traffic to pass through a device. A NIPS is placed inline, allowing it to prevent malicious traffic from entering a network. Sometimes called in-band compare with out-of-band.
Input validation
A programming process that verifies that it is valid before using it.
*Also helps with buffer overflow and Injections (SQL, DLL).
Insider
An attacker who launch is a tax from within an organization, typically as an employee.
Integer overflow
An application attack that attempts to use or create a numeric value that is too big for an application to handle. And put handling an air handling thwart the attack.
Integrity
One of the three main goals of information security known as the CIA security triad integrity provides assurance that data or system configuration’s have not been modified. Audit logs and hashing are two methods used to ensure integrity.
Intranet
An internal network.
People use an Internet to communicate and share contact with each other.
IoT
Internet of things
The network of physical devices connected to the Internet. It typically refers to smart devices with an IP address, such as wearable technology and home automation systems.
ip
A command-line tool used on Linux systems to show and manipulate settings on a network interface card (NIC). Developers created this to replace ifconfig.
ipconfig
A command-line tool used on window systems to show the configuration settings on a NIC.
IPSec
Internet protocol security
A suite of protocols used to encrypt data-in-transit that can operate in both tunnel mode and transport mode. But uses tunnel mode for VPN traffic and transport mode and private networks.
IP spoofing
An attack that changes the source IP address.
Iris scanner
Biometric systems scan the iris of an eye for authentication.
ISA
Interconnection security agreement
An agreement that specifies technical and security requirements for connections between two or more entities.
IV attack
Initialization vector
A wireless attacked at times to discover the IV. Legacy wireless security protocols are susceptible to IV attacks.
Jailbreaking
The process of modifying an apple mobile device to remove software restrictions. It allows the user to install software from any third-party source.
Jamming
A DoS attack against wireless networks. And transmits noise on the same frequency used by your wireless network.
Job rotation
A process that ensures employees rotate through different jobs to learn the process and procedures in each job. It can sometimes detect fraudulent activity.
KDC
Key distribution center
Also known as TGT server. Part of the Kerberos protocol used for network authentication. The KDC issues timestamp tickets that expire.
Kerberos
A network authentication mechanism used with Windows activity directory domains and some UNIX environments known as realms. It uses a KDC to issue tickets.
Kernel
The central part of the operating system. And container virtualization guests share the kernel
Key escrow
The process of placing a copy of a private key in a safe environment.
Keylogger
Software or hardware used to capture a users keystrokes. Keystrokes are stored in a file and can be manually retrieved or automatically sent to an attacker.
Key stretching
A technique used to increase the strength of stored passwords. It adds additional bits (called salts) and can help thwart brute force and rainbow table attacks.
Known plaintext
A cryptographic attack that decrease encrypted data. In this attack, the attacker knows the plane text used to create ciphertext.
Labeling
The process of ensuring data is tagged clearly so that users know its classification. Labels can be physical labels, such as on backup tapes, or digital labels in bedded in files.
LDAP
Lightweight directory access protocol
A protocol used to communicate with directories such as Microsoft active directory. It identifies objects with query strings using codes such as CN=users and DC=get certified get ahead.
LDAPS
Light weight directory access protocol secure
A protocol used to encrypt LDAP traffic with TLS.
Least functionality
A core principle of secure systems design. Systems should be deployed with only the applications, services, and protocol needed to meet their purpose.
Least privilege
A security principle that specifies that individuals and processes are granted only the rights and permissions needed to perform assigned task or functions, but no more.
Legal hold
A court order to maintain data for evidence.
Likelihood of occurrence
The probability that something will occur. It is used with impact in a qualitative risk assessment.
Load balancer
Hardware or software that balances to lose between two or more servers. Scheduling methods include source address IP affinity and round-robin.
location-based policies
Policies that prevent users from logging on from certain locations, or require that they log on only from specific locations.
Logic bomb
The type of malware that executes in response to an event. The event might be a specific day or time, or user action such as when a user launches a specific program.
Loop prevention
A method of preventing switching loop or bridge loop problems. Both STP and RSTP prevent switching loops.
MAC
Acronym not pertaining to bits
Mandatory access control
An access control model that uses sensitivity labels assigned to objects (files and folders) and subjects (users). MAC restricts access based on a need to know.
MAC
Acronym pertaining to bits
Media access control
A 48-bit address used to identify network interface card’s. It is also called a hardware address or physical address.
MAC filtering
A form of network access control to allow or block access based on the MAC address. It is configured on switches for port security or on APs for wireless security.
MAC spoofing
An attack that changes the source MAC address.
Mail gateway
A server that examines and processes all incoming and out going email. It typically includes a spam filter and DLP capabilities. Some gateways also provide encryption services.
Malware
Malicious software. It includes a wide range of software that has malicious intent, such as viruses, worms, ransom ware, root kits, logic bombs, and more.
Mandatory vacation
A policy that forces employees to take a vacation. The goal is to deter malicious activity, such as fraud and embezzlement, I detect malicious activity when it occurs.
Man-in-the-browser
An attack that infects vulnerable web browsers. It can allow the attacker to capture browser session data, including keystrokes.
MITM
Man-in-the-middle
An attack using active interception or eavesdropping. It uses a third computer to capture traffic sent between two other systems.
Mantrap
A physical security mechanism designed to control access to a secure area. A mantra prevents tailgating.
MD5
Message digest 5
A hashing function used to provide integrity. MD5creates 128-bit hashes, which are also referred to as MD5 checksums. Experts consider MD5 cracked.
MDM
Mobile device management
A group of applications and/or technologies used to manage mobile devices. MDM tools can monitor mobile devices and ensure they are in compliance with security policies.
Memory leak
An application flaw that consumes memory without releasing it.
MFDs
Multi-function devices
Any device that performs multiple functions. As an example, many printers are MFDs Because they can print, scan, and copy documents. Many also include faxing capabilities.
MMS
Multimedia Messaging Service
A method used to send text messages. It is an extension of SMS and support sending multi media content.
MOU/MOA
Memorandum of understanding or memorandum of agreement.
A type of agreement that defines responsibilities with each party. Compare with ISA.
MS-CHAPv2
Microsoft challenge handshake authentication protocol version 2.
Microsoft implementation of CHAP. MS-CHAPv2 provide some mutual authentication.
- Compare with CHAP & PAP.
MTBF
Mean time between failures.
A metric that provides a measure of a systems reliability and is usually represented in hours. The NTPS identifies the average time between failures.
MTTR
Mean time to recover.
A metric that identifies the average time it takes to restore a field system. Organizations that have maintenance contract stocked and specified the MTTR as a part of the contract.
Multifactor authentication
A type of authentication that uses methods from more than one factor of authentication.
NAC
Network access control.
A system that inspects clients to ensure they are healthy. Agents inspect clients and agents can be permanent or dissolvable also known as (agentless)
NAT
Network Address Translation
A service that translates public IP addresses to private IP address is and private IP addresses to public IP address.
NDA
Non-disclosure agreement. That is designed to prohibit personnel from sharing proprietary data. It can be used with station and with other organizations.
Netcat
A command-line tool used to connect to remote systems.
Netstat
A command-line tool used to show network statistics on a system.
Network mapping
A process used to discover devices on a network, including how they are connected.
Network scanner
A tool used to discover devices on a network, including their IP addresses, their operating system, along with services and protocols running on the devices.
NFC attack
An attack against mobile devices that use near field communication (NFC). NFC is a group of standards that allow mobile devices to communicate with nearby mobile devices.
NIDS
Network-based intrusion detection system.
A device that detects attacks and raises alerts. A NIDS is installed on network devices, such as routers or firewalls, and monitors network traffic.
NIPS
Network-based intrusion prevention system. A device that detects and stops attacks in progress. A NIPS is placed inline (also called in-band) with traffic so that it can actively monitor data streams.
NIST
National Institute of Standards & Technology.
NIST is a part of the U.S. Department of Commerce, and it includes an Information Technology Laboratory (ITL).
The ITL publishes special publications related to security that are freely available to anyone.
Nmap
A command-line tool used to scan networks. It is a type of network scanner.
Nonce
A number used once. Cryptography elements frequently use a nonce to add randomness.
Non-persistence
A method used in virtual desktops for changes made by a user are not saved. Most (or all) users have the same desktop. When users log off, the desktop reverts to its original state.
Non-repudiation
The ability to prevent a party from denying an action. Digital signatures and access slots provide non-repudiation.
Normalization
The process of organizing tables and columns in a database. Normalization reduces redundant data and improves overall database performance.
nslookup
A command-line tool used to test DNS on Microsoft systems.
NTLM
New technology LAN manager
A suite of protocols that provide confidentiality, integrity, and authentication with and Windows systems. Versions include NTLM, NTLMv2, and NTLM to session.
OAuth
An open source standard used for authorization with Internet-based single sign-on solutions.
Obfuscation
An attempt to make something unclear or difficult to understand. Steganography methods used obfuscation to hide data within data.
OCSP
Online Certificate Status Protocol.
An alternative to using a CRL. It allows entities to query a CA with the serial number of a certificate. The CA answers with good, revoked, or unknown.
onboarding
The process of granting individuals access to an organization’s computing resources after being hired. It typically includes giving the employee a user account with appropriate permissions.
Open
A wireless mode that doesn’t use security.
OpenID Connect
An open source standard used for identification on the Internet. It is typically used with OAuth and it allows clients to verify the identity of end users without managing their credentials.
open-source intelligence
A method of gathering data using public sources, such as social media sites and news outlets.
order of volatility
A term that refers to the order in which you should collect evidence. For example, data in memory is more volatile than data on a disk drive, so it should be collected first.
out-of-band
A configuration that allows a device to collect traffic without the traffic passing through it. Sometimes called passive.
P7B
PKCS#7
A common format for PKI certificates. They are DER-based (ASCII) and commonly used to share public keys.
P12
PKCS#12
A common format for PKI certificates. They are CER-based (binary) and often hold certificates with the private key. They are commonly encrypted.
Paas
Platform as a Service
A cloud computing model that provides cloud customers with a preconfigured computing platform they can use as needed.
PAP
Password Authentication Protocol
An older authentication protocol where passwords or PINs are sent across the network in a cleartext.
Passive reconnaissance
A penetration testing method used to collect information. It typically uses open-source intelligence.
Pass the hash
A password attack that captures and uses the hash of a password. It attempts to log on as a user with the cash and is commonly associated with the Microsoft NTLM protocol.
Password cracker
The tool used to discover passwords.
Patch management
The process used to keep systems up-to-date with current patches. It typically includes evaluating and testing patches before deploying them.
PBKDF2
Password-based key derivation function 2
Achy stretching technique that adds additional bits to password as a salt. It helps prevent brute force and rainbow table attacks.
PEAP
Protected extensible authentication protocol
An extension of EAP sometimes used with 802.1x. PEAP requires a certificate on the 802.1x server.
PEM
Privacy enhanced mail
A common format PKI certificates. It can use either CER (ASCII) or DER (binary) formants and can be used for almost any type of certificates.
Penetration testing
A method of testing targeted systems to determine if vulnerabilities can be exploited. Penetration tests are intrusive.
Perfect forward secrecy
The characteristic of encryption keys ensuring that keys are random. Perfect forward secrecy methods do not use deterministic algorithms.
Permanent agent
A NAC agent that is installed on a client. It checks the client for health.
- Compare with dissolvable agent.
Permission auditing review
An audit that analyzes to use her privileges. Identifies the privileges (rights & permissions) granted to users, in comparison against what the users need.
PFX
Personal Information Exchange
A common format for PKI certificates. It is the predecessor to P12 certificates.
PHI
Personal Health Information
PII that includes health information.
Phishing
The practice of sending email to users with the purpose of tricking them into revealing personal information or clicking on a link.
Physical Controls
Security controls that you can physically touch.
PII
Personally Identifiable Information
Information about individuals that can be used to trace a person’s identity, such as full name, birthdate, biometric data, and more.
Ping
A command-line tool used to test connectivity with remote systems.
Pinning
A security mechanism used by some websites to prevent website and personation. Websites provide clients with a key hashes. Clients store the list and use it to validate the website.
PIV
Personal identity verification card.
A specialized type of smart card used by U.S. federal agencies. It includes photo identification and provides confidentiality, integrity, indication, and non-repudiation.
Pivot
One of the steps and penetration testing. After escalating privileges, the tester uses additional tools to gain additional information on the exploited computer or on the network.
Plaintext
Text displayed in a readable format. Encryption converts plain text to ciphertext.
Pointer dereference
A programming practice that uses a pointer to dereference a memory area. I failed do you reference operation can corrupt memory and sometimes even cause an application to crash.
POP3
Post office protocol version 3
A protocol used to transfer email from mail servers to clients.
Port mirror
A monitoring port on a switch. All traffic going through the switch is also sent to the port mirror.
Preventative controls
Security controls that attempt to prevent a security incident from occurring.
Privacy impact assessment
And assessment used to identify and reduce risks related to potential loss of PII.
Privacy threshold assessment
An assessment used to help identify if a system is processing PII.
Private data
Information about an individual that should remain private.
Personally identifiable information PII and personal health information PHI aretwo examples.
Private key
Part of a matched key pair used in asymmetric encryption. The private key always stays private.
Privilege escalation
The process of gaining elevated rights and permissions. Malware typically uses a variety of techniques to gain elevated privileges.
Privileged account
An account with elevated privileges, such as an administrator account.
Proprietary data
Data that is related to ownership. Common examples are information related to patents or trade secrets.
Protocol analyzer
A tool used to capture off network traffic. Both professionals and attackers to use protocol analyzers to examine packets. A protocol analyzer can be used to view data sent in clear text.
Proximity cards
Small credit card-sized cards that activate when they are in close proximity to a card reader. They are often used by authorized personnel to open doors.
Proxy/proxies
A server (or servers) used to forward request for services such as HTTP or HTTPS.
A forward proxy server forwards internal clients to external servers. A reverse proxy accepts requests from the Internet and forwards them to an internal web server.
A transparent proxy does not modify request, but non-transparent Proxies include URL filters. An application proxy is used for a specific application, the most proxy servers are used for multiple protocols.
PSK
Pre-shared key
A wireless mode that uses a pre-shared key (similar to a password or passphrase) for security.
Public data
Data that is available to anyone. It might be in brochures, and press releases, or on websites.
Public key
Part of a matched key pair used in asymmetric encryption. The public key is publicly available.
PKI
Public key infrastructure
A group of technologies used to request, create, manage, store, distribute, and revoke digital certificates.
Pulping
A process that is performed after shredding papers. It reduces the shredded paper to a mash or purée.
Pulverizing
A process used to physically destroy items such as optical discs that aren’t erased by a degaussing.
Purging
A general sanitation term indicating that all sensitive data has been removed from a device.
Push notification services
The services that send messages to multiple devices.
Qualitative risk assessment
A risk assessment that uses judgment to categorize risks. It is based on impact and likelihood of occurrence.
Quantitative risk assessment
A risk assessment that uses specific monetary amounts to identify cost and asset value. It then uses the SLE and ARO to calculate the ALE.
Race condition
The programming flaw that occurs when two sets of code attempt to access the same resource. The first one to access the resource wins, which can result in inconsistent results.
RADIUS
Remote authentication dial-in user service
And authentication service that provides central authentication for remote access clients. Alternatives are TACACS+ and diameter.
RAID
Redundant array of inexpensive disks
Multiple disks added together to increase performance or provide protection against faults common types include RAID-1, RAID-5, RAID-6, and RAID-10.
Rainbow table
A file containing precomputed hashes for character combinations. Rainbow tables are used to discover passwords. PBKDF2 and Bcrypt thwart rainbow table attacks.
Ransomware
A type of malware used to extort money from individuals and organizations. Ransomware typically encrypts the user’s data and demands a ransom before decrypting the data.
RAT
Remote access Trojan
Malware that allows an attacker to take control of the system from a remote location.
RC4
A symmetric stream cipher that can use between 40 and 2,048 bits. Experts consider it cracked and recommend using stronger alternatives.
Record time offset
An offset used by recorders to identify times on recordings. If you know when the recording started, you can use the offset to identify the actual time at any point in the recording.
Recovery site
An alternate location for business functions after a major disaster.
Redundancy
The process of adding duplication to critical system components and networks to provide fault tolerance.
Refactoring
A driver manipulation method. Developers rewrite the code without changing the driver’s behavior.
Remote wipe
The process of sending a signal to a remote device to erase all data. It is useful when a mobile device is lost or stolen.
Replay attack
An attack where the data is captured and replayed. Attackers typically modify data it before replaying it.
Resource exhaustion
The malicious result of many DoS and DDoS attacks. The attack overloads a computers resources such as the processor and memory, resulting in service interruption.
Retina scanners
Biometric systems that scan the retina of an eye for authentication.
RFID attacks
Attacks against radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems. Some common RFID attacks are eavesdropping, replay and DoS.
RIPEMD
RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation Message Digest. A hash function used for integrity. It creates-fixed-length hashes of 128, 160, 256, or 320 bits.
Risk
The possibility or likelihood of a threat exploiting a vulnerability resulting in a loss.
Risk assessment
A process used to identify and prioritize risks. It includes quantitative risk assessments and qualitative risk assessments.
Risk management
The practice of identifying, monitoring, and limiting risks to manageable levels. It includes risk response techniques, qualitative risk assessments, and quantitative risk assessments.
Risk mitigation
The process of reducing risk by implementing controls. Security controls reduce risk by reducing vulnerability is associated with a risk, or by reducing the impact of a threat.
Risk register
A document listing information about risks. It typically includes risk scores along with the recommended security controls to reduce the risk scores.
Risk response techniques
Methods used to manage risks. Common risk response techniques are accept, transfer, avoid, and mitigate.
rouge AP
An unauthorized AP. It can be placed by an attacker or an employee who hasn’t obtained permission to do so.
role-BAC
Role-based access control. An access control model that uses rules based on jobs and functions to define access. It is often implemented with groups (providing group-based privileges).
Root certificate
a PKI certificate identifying a root CA.
rooting
The process of modifying an Android device, giving the user root-level, or administrator, access.
rootkit
A type of malware that has system-level access to a computer. Root kits are often able to hide themselves from users and antivirus software.
ROT13
A substitution cipher that uses a key of 13. To encrypt a message, you would rotate each letter 13 spaces. To decrypt a message, you would rotate each letter 13 spaces.
Round-robin
A scheduling method used with load balancers. It redirects each client request to servers in a predetermined order.
Router
A network device that connects multiple network segments together into a single network. They route traffic based on the Destination IP address is and do not pass broadcast traffic. Routers use ACLs.
RPO
Recovery Point Objective
A term that refers to the amount of data you can afford to lose by identifying a point in time where data loss is acceptable. It is often identified in a BIA.
RSA
Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman.
An asymmetric algorithm used to encrypt data and digitally sign transmissions.
It is named after its creators: Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman.
RSTP
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
An improvement of STP to prevent switching loop problems.
RTO
Recovery Time Objective
The maximum amount of time it should take to restore a system after an outage. It is derived from the maximum allowable outage time identified in the BIA.
Rule-BAC
Rule-Based Access Control
An Access control model that uses rules to define access. Rule-based access control is based on a set of approved instructions, such as an access control list, or rules that trigger in response to an event, such as modifying ACL’s after detecting an attack.
Runtime code
Code that is interpreted when it is executed.
Saas
Software as a Service
A cloud computing model that provides applications over the Internet. Web mail is an example of a cloud-based topology.
- compare with IaaS & PaaS
salt
A random set of data added to a password when creating the hash.
PBKDF2 and bcrypt are two protocols that use salts.
SAML
Security Assertion Markup Language
An XML-based standard used to exchange authentication and authorization information between different parties. SAML provides SSO for web-based applications.
sandboxing
The use of an isolated area on a system, typically for testing. Virtual machines are often used to test patches in an isolated sandbox. Application developers sometimes use the chroot command to change the root directory creating a sandbox.
Sanitize
The process of destroying or removing all sensitive data from systems and devices.
Data sanitization methods include burning, shredding, pulping, pulverizing, degaussing, purging, and wiping.
SATCOM
Satellite communications
A communication system that allows devices to connect to a satellite for communications. Many cars include satellite communication capabilities.
SCADA
Supervisory control and data acquisition
A system used to control an ICS such as a power plant or water treatment facility.
Ideally a SCADA is within an isolated network.
Screen filter
A physical security device used to reduce visibility of a computer screen. Screen filters help prevent shoulder surfing.
Script kiddie
An attacker with little expertise or sophistication. Script kiddies use existing scripts to launch attacks.
SDN
Software Defined Network
A method of using software and virtualization technologies to replace hardware routers. SDNs separate the data and control planes.
secure boot
A process that checks and validated system files during the boot process. A TPM typically uses a secure boot process.
secure DevOps
A software development process using an agile-aligned methodology. It considers security through the lifetime of the project.
Security incident
An adverse event or series of events that can negatively affect the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of an organization’s information technology (IT) systems and data.
SED
Self-encrypting Drive.
A drive that includes the hardware and software necessary to encrypt from controlling all the functions of a critical or sensitive process.
*It is designed to prevent fraud, theft, and errors.
Service account
An account used by a service or application.
Session hijacking
An attack that attempts to impersonate a user by capturing and using a session ID. Session IDs are stored in cookies.
SFTP
Secure File Transfer Protocol
An extension of secure shell (SSH) used to encrypt FTP traffic. SFTP transmits data using TCP port 22.
SHA
Secure Hash Algorithm
A hashing function used to provide integrity. Versions include SHA-1, SHA-2, and SHA-3.
Shibboleth
An open source federated identity solution.
Shimming
A driver manipulation method
It uses additional code to modify the behavior of a driver.
Shoulder surfing
The practice of looking over someone’s shoulder to obtain information, such as on a computer screen.
*A screen filter placed over a monitor helps reduce the success of shoulder surfing.
Shredding
A method of destroying data or sanitize media.
- Cross-Cut paper shredders cut papers into fine particles.
- File shredders remove all remnants of a file by overwriting the contents multiple times.
Sideloading
The process of copying an application package to o a mobile device. It is useful for developers when testing apps, but can be risky if users side load unauthorized apps to their device.
SIEM
Security Information & Event Management
A security system that attempts to look at security events throughout the organization.
Signature-based
A type of monitoring used on intrusion detection and intrusion prevention systems. It detects attacks based on known attack patterns documented as attack signatures.
Single point of failure
A component within a system that can cause the entire system to fail if the component fails.
SLA
Service level agreement
An agreement between a company and a vendor that stipulates performance expectations, such as minimum uptime and maximum downtime levels.
SLE
Single loss expectancy
The monetary value of any single loss. It is used to measure risk with ALE & ARO in a quantitative risk assessment.
the calculation is SLE x ARO = ALE .
Smart card
A credit card-sized card that has an embedded microchip and a certificate. It is used for authentication in the something you have factor of authentication.
S/MIME
Secure/multipurpose Internet mail extensions
A popular standard used to secure email.
- provides confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation.
SMS
Short message service
A basic text messaging service.
Snapshot
A copy of a virtual machine VN at a moment in time. If you later have problems with the VM, you can revert it to the state it was in when you took this snapshot. Some back up programs also use snapshots to create a copy of data at a moment in time.
SNMPv3
Simple network management protocol version 3
A protocol used to monitor and manage network devices such as routers and switches.
SoC
System on a chip. An integrated circuit that includes a computing System within the hardware. Many mobile devices include an SoC.
Social engineering
The practice of using social tactics to gain information. Social engineers attempt to gain information from people, or get people to do things they wouldn’t normally do.
Something you are
In authentication factor using biometrics, such as a fingerprint scanner.
Something you do
An authentication factor including action, such as gestures on a touchscreen.
Something you have
An authentication factor using something physical, such as a smart card or token.
Something you know
An authentication factor indicating knowledge, such as a password or PIN.
Somewhere you are
An authentication factor indicating the location, often using Geo location technologies.
Spam
Unwanted or unsolicited email. Attackers often launch attacks using spam.
Spam filter
A method of blocking unwanted email. By blocking email, it often blocks malware.
Spear phishing
The targeted form of phishing. Spear phishing attacks attempt to target specific groups of users, such as those within a specific organization, or even a single user.
Split tunnel
An encrypted connection used with VPNs. A split tunnel only encrypts traffic going to private IP address is used in the private network.
Spyware
Software installed on users systems without their awareness or consent. Its purpose is often to monitor the users computer and the users activity.
SRTP
Secure real-time transport protocol
A protocol used to encrypt and provide authentication for real-time transport protocol RTP traffic. RTP is used for audio/video streaming
SSH
Secure shell. A protocol used to encrypt network traffic. SSH encrypts a wide variety of traffic such as SFTP.
*SSH uses TCP port 22
SSID
Service set identifier
The name of a wireless network. SSIDs can be set to broadcast the service so users can easily see it. Disabling SSID broadcast hides it from casual users.
SSL
Secure Sockets Layer
The predecessor to TLS. SSL is used to encrypt data-in-transit with the use of certificates.
SSL descriptors
Devices used to create separate SSL (or TLS) sessions. They allow other security devices to examine encrypted traffic sent to and from the Internet.
SSL/TLS accelerators
Devices used to handle TLS traffic. Service can off-load TLS traffic to improve performance.
SSO
Single sign-on
An authentication method where users can access multiple resources on a network using a single account.
*SSO can provide central authentication.
SOPs
Standard operating procedures
A document that provides step-by-step instructions on how to perform common tasks or routine operations.
Stapling
The process of appending a digitally signed OCSP response to a certificate. It reduces the overall OCSP traffic sent to a CA.
STARTTLS
A command (NOT an acronym) used to upgrade an unencrypted connection to an encrypted connection on the same port.
Steganography
The practice of hiding data within data.
Storage Segmentation
A method used to isolate data on mobile devices. It allows personal data to be stored in one location and encrypted corporate data to be stored elsewhere.
Stored Procedures
A group of SQL statements that execute as a whole, similar to a mini-program. Developers use stored procedures to prevent SQL injection attacks.
STP
Spanning Tree Protocol
A protocol enabled on most switches that protects against switching loops. A switching loop can be caused if two ports of a switch are connected.
Substitution Cipher
An encryption method that replaces characters with other characters.
Stream Cipher
An encryption method that encrypts data as a stream of bits or bytes.
Supply Chain Assessment
An evaluation of the supply chain needed to produce and sell a product.
It includes raw materials and all the process required to create and distribute a finished product.
Switch
A network device used to connect devices.
- Layer 2 switches send traffic to ports based on their MAC addresses.
- Layer 3 switches send traffic to ports based on their IP addresses and support VLANS.
Symmetric Encryption
A type of encryption using a single key to encrypt and decrypt data.
System Sprawl
A vulnerability that occurs when an organization has more systems than it needs, and systems it owns are underutilized.
Tabletop Exercise
A discussion-based exercise where participants talk through an event while sitting at a table or in a conference room.
It is often used to test business continuity plans.
TACACS+
Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System Plus
An authentication service that provides central authentication for remote access clients.
It can be used as an alternative to RADIUS
Tailgating
A social engineering attack where one person follows behind another person without using credentials.
Mantraps helps prevent tailgating.
Taps
Monitoring ports on a network device.
IDSs use taps to capture traffic.
tcpdump
A command-line protocol analyzer. Administrators use it to capture packets.
Technical Controls
Security controls implemented through technology.
Tethering
The process of sharing an Internet connection from one mobile device to another.
Thin AP
An AP that is managed by a controller.
Sometimes called a controller-based AP.
Third-Party App Store
An App Store other than the primary source for mobile device apps.
It refers to an App Store other than the App Store or Google Play for Apple and Android devices, respectively.
Threat
Any circumstance or event that has the potential to compromise confidentiality, integrity, or availability.
Threat Assessment
An evaluation of potential threats.
Common types are:
- Environmental
- Manmade
- Internal
- External
Time-of-Day restrictions
An account restriction that prevents users from logging on a certain times.
TKIP
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol
A legacy wireless security protocol.
- CCMP is the recommended replacement.
ISAKMP
Internet Association & Key Management Protocol
Defines the framework for key exchange and authentication that is required for internet protocol security (IPSec).
IKE/IKEv2
Internet Key Exchange Version 2
The protocol used by IPSec to exchange keys and establish and maintain SAs.
ESP
Encapsulating Security Payloads
Is used to encrypt the data being transmitted.
TLS
Transport Layer Security
Used to encrypt data-in-transit.
- The replacement for SSL.
Token
An authentication device or file.
- A hardware token is a physical device used in the something you have factor of authentication.
- A software token is a small file used by authentication services indicating a user has logged on.
TOTP
Time-based One Time Password
An open source standard similar to HOTP. It used a time stamp instead of a counter.
- One Time Passwords expire after 30 seconds.
TPM
Trusted Platform Module
A hardware chip on the motherboard included with many laptops and some mobile devices. It provides full disk encryption.
tracert
A command-line tool used to trace the route between two systems.
Transitive Trust
An indirect trust relationship created by two or more direct trust relationships.
Trojan
Malware aka Trojan Horse.
- a Trojan often looks useful, but it’s malicious.
Trusted Operating System
An operating system that is configured to meet a set of security requirements.
- It ensures that only authorized personnel can access data based on permissions.
Twofish
A symmetric key block cipher.
- It encrypts data in 128-bit blocks and supports 128-, 192-, or 256-bit keys.
Type I Hypervisors
A virtualization technology. They run directly on the system hardware. They don’t need to run within an operating system.
- aka bare-metal hypervisors
Type II Hypervisors
A virtualization technology. They run as a software within a host operating system. The Microsoft Hyper-V hypervisor runs within a Microsoft operating system to host VMs.
Typo Squatting
The purchase of a domain name that is close to a legitimate domain name. Attackers often try to trick users who inadvertently use the wrong name.
- aka URL hijacking
UAVs
Unmanned aerial vehicle
Flying vehicles piloted by remote control or onboard computers.
UEFI
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
A method used to boot systems and intended to replace Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) firmware.
URL Hijacking
The purchase of a domain name that is close to a legitimate domain name. Attackers often try to trick users who inadvertently use the wrong domain name.
- aka typo squatting
USB OTG
Universal Serial Bus On-The-Go
A cable used to connect mobile devices to other devices. It is one of many methods that you can use to connect to a mobile device to external media.
Use Case
A methodology used in system analysis and software engineering to identify and clarify requirements to achieve a goal.
UTM
Unified Threat Management
A group of security controls combined in a single solution.
- UTM appliances can inspect data streams for malicious content and block it.
VDI/VDE
Virtual Desktop Infrastructure / Virtual Desktop Environment
Users access a server hosting virtual desktops and run the desktop operating system from the server.
Vendor Diversity
The practice of implementing security controls from different vendors to increase security.
Version Control
A method of tracking changes to software as it is updated.
Virtualization
A technology that allows you to host multiple virtual machines on a single physical system. Different types include Type I, Type II, and application cell/ container virtualization.
Virus
Malicious code that attaches itself to a host application. The host application must be executed to run, and the malicious code executed when the host application is e executed.
VLAN
Virtual Local Area Network
A method of segmenting traffic. A VLAN logically groups several different computers together without regard to their physical location.
VM escape
An attack that allows an attacker to access the host system from within a virtual machine.
*The primary protection is to keep hosts and guests up to date with current patches.
VM Sprawl
A vulnerability that occurs when an organization has many VMs that aren’t properly managed. Unmanaged VMs are not kept up to date with current patches.
Voice Recognition
A biometric method that identifies who is speaking using speech recognition methods to identify different acoustic features.
VPN
Virtual Private Network
A method that provides access to a private network over a public network such as the Internet.
- VPN Concentrators are dedicated devices used to provide VPN access to large group of users.
Vulnerability
A weakness.
It can be a weakness in the hardware, the software, the configuration, or even the users operating the system.
Vulnerability Scanner
A tool used to detect vulnerabilities.
A scan typically identifies vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, and a lack of security controls. It PASSIVELY tests security controls.
Warm Site
An alternate location for operations. A compromise between an expensive hot site and a cold site.
Waterfall
A software development life cycle model using a top-down approach. It uses multiple stages with each stage starting after the previous stage is complete.
Watering Hole Attack
An attack method that infects web sites that a group is likely to trust and visit.
Wearable Technology
Smart devices that a person can wear or have implemented.
Web Application Firewall (WAF)
A firewall specifically designed to protect a web application, such as a web server. A WAF inspects the contents of traffic to a web server and can detect malicious content, such as code used in a cross-scripting attack, and block it.
Whaling
A form of spear phishing that attempts to target high-level executives. When successful, attackers gain confidential company information that they might not be able to get anywhere else.
White Box Test
A type of penetration test.
Testers HAVE FULL KNOWLEDGE of the environment prior to starting the test.
WI-FI Direct
A standard that allows devices to connect without a wireless access point.
Wildcard Certificate
A certificate that can be used for multiple domains with the same root domain.
- It starts with an asterisk ( * )
Wiping
The process of completely removing all remnants of data on a disk. A bit-level overwrite writes patterns of 1s & 0s multiple times to ensure data on a disk is unreadable.
Wireless Scanners
A network scanner that scans wireless frequency bands. Scanners can help discover rogue APs and crack passwords by wireless APs.
Worm
Self-replicating malware that travels through a network.
Worms DON’T need user interaction to execute.
WPA
Wi-Fi Protected Access
A legacy wireless security protocol. It has been superseded by WPA2.
WPA2
Wi-Fi Protected Access II
A wireless security protocol. It supports CCMP for encryption, which is based on AES.
It can use Open mode, a pre-shared key, or Enterprise mode.
WPS
Wi-Fi Protected Setup
A method that allows users to easily configure a wireless network, often by using only a PIN.
WPS brute force attacks can discover the PIN.
WPS attack
An attack against an AP.
A WPS attack discovers the eight-digit WPS PIN and uses it to discover the AP passphrase.
XML
Extensible Markup Language
A language used by many databases for inputting or exporting data. XML uses formatting rules to describe the data.
XOR
A logical operation used in some encryption schemes.
XOR operations compare two inputs.
- If the two inputs are the same, it outputs True.
- If the two inputs are different, it outputs False.
Zero-Day Vulnerability
A vulnerability of bug that is unknown to trusted sources but can be exploited by attackers.
Zero-day attacks take advantage of zero-day vulnerabilities.
MAC
acronym pertaining to email programs
Message authentication code
Provides integrity similar to how a hash is used.
