Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine II - Exam 2 > Acromegaly and Prolactinoma - SRS > Flashcards

Acromegaly and Prolactinoma - SRS Flashcards

1
Q

Why would a female with acromegaly have abnormal menstrual cycles?

!!TQ here!!

A

Acromegaly may be accompanied by amenorrhea and galactorrhea because…

  1. GH stimulation of the prolactin receptor (both are cytokine receptors)
  2. GH may cosecrete prolactin (mammosomatotroph adenoma)
  3. Tumor may press on the pituitary stalk and block transit of dopamine
  4. Impaired gonadotropin secretion by the pituitary (d/t increased prolactin suppression)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the causes of a positive Tinel’s sign?

Which one would apply in this class?

A

Mnenonic is “Median Trap”

  • Myxedema
  • Edema
  • Diabetes
  • Infiltration
  • Amyloid
  • Neoplasms
  • Trauma
  • Acromegaly
  • Pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of headache is worse with coughing, associated with nausea and worse on arising?

A

Those caused by a brain tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why the acanthosis nigricans and skin tags in patients with acromegaly?

A

D/t insulin resistance and excess IGF-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When testing for acromegaly we do what challenge?

What would a positive result be?

What would you do next?

A

75g glucose challenge, check glucose and GH levels every 30 minutes post administration - positive if this fails to suppress GH to less than 1 ng/mL.

THEN, if positive order an MRI.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the causes of acromegaly?

3

A
  1. Microadenoma with somatotroph mutation
  2. Macroadenoma
  3. Ectopic GH or GHRH production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some examples of cancers that cause ectopic production of GH or GHRH?

6

A
  1. Carcinoid
  2. Pancreas
  3. Lung
  4. Ovary
  5. Breast
  6. Lymphoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Acromegaly and giantism may be associated with what syndromes?

A
  1. MEN 1 ( 3 Ps with hypercalcemia, peptic ulcer, or hypoglycemia).
  2. Carney complex ( mutation in tumor suppressor gene for protein kinase A).
  3. MuCune-Albright syndrome (Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, café au lait, endocrine hyperfunction).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does this child who is at risk of gigantism have?

A

McCune Albright Syndrome - Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, café au lait, endocrine hyperfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 3 associated complication types of a GH secreting adenoma?

A
  1. Pressure effects (headache, visual alterations, etc).
  2. Additional hormone production (cosecretion of prolactin).
  3. Interference with other hormones (decreased ACTH, TSH, etc).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List for me 8 comorbidities associated with Acromegaly.

A
  1. Sleep apnea
  2. Hypertension
  3. Diabetes
  4. Cardiomyopathy
  5. Colon polyps
  6. Degenerative joint disease
  7. Thyroid nodules
  8. Premature mortality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Based on the comorbidities associated with a GH adenoma, what are three tests you should consider doing?

List why for each.

A

ECHO - test for cardiomyopathy

Colonoscopy - Colon Polyps common

Vertebral Xray - degenerative joint disease seen here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some options for pharm tx of GH adenomas?

7 options, 6 of which are on our drug list

A
  1. Bromocriptine - DA agonist
  2. Cabergoline - DA agonist
  3. Octreotide - SST analogue
  4. Lanreotide - SST analogue
  5. Pasireotide - SST analogue
  6. Pegvisomat - GH receptor antagonist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Apart from the pharm tx, what other options are there to deal with an adenoma?

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Radiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If you send a pt to undergo transphenoidal surgery for removal of a GH adenoma, and they only find hyperplasia, what should you do?

A

Look for an ectopic source of either GH or GHRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which of the lung cancers is most likely to secrete GHRH?

A

Small cell (AKA Oat cell)

17
Q

What should be done prior to surgery for a GH producing adenoma?

A

GHRH assay to look for possible ectopic production

18
Q

How should you follow a patients progress after tx of an adenoma?

A

Monitor GH and IGF-1.

If suspicous of a recurrence, do a Glucose challenge test.

19
Q

What are the goals of therapy in a GH secreting adenoma?

A

Reduced IGF-1

Glucose suppression of GH to under 1 ng/mL

20
Q

Why would a female patient with a prolactinoma have dyspareumia, hirsutism and acne?

!! TQ here !!

A

Decreased estrogen leads to decreased sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and this leads to increased free testosterone and DHEAS. This leads to the hirsutism, acne and dyspareunia.

21
Q

Causes of hyperprolactinemia can be grouped into:

  1. Endocrine
  2. Drugs
  3. Other

What are the Endocrine causes? 4

A
  1. Pituitary adenoma
  2. Hypothalamic disease
  3. hypothyroidism
  4. pregnancy
22
Q

Causes of hyperprolactinemia can be grouped into:

  1. Endocrine
  2. Drugs
  3. Other

What are the Drug causes? 7 with three bolds

A
  1. Metoclopramide
  2. SSRI
  3. opiates
  4. Verapamil (and other anti-HTN)
  5. Estrogen
  6. Cimetadine
  7. Protease inhibitors
23
Q

Causes of hyperprolactinemia can be grouped into:

  1. Endocrine
  2. Drugs
  3. Other

What are the “Other” causes?

A
  1. Cirrhosis
  2. Exercise
  3. macroprolactinemia (IgG binding)
  4. Nipple stimulation
  5. REM sleep
  6. Renal Failure
  7. SLE
  8. Stress
24
Q

Darrow gave us a mnemonic for the causes of hyperprolactinemia. What was it?

A

HIGH PROLACTINS

Hypertensive meds (verapamil, reserpine, alpha methyldopa)

Infiltrative disease (sarcoid, hemochromatosis, etc); Infection (TB, Histo, etc)

Growth hormone (acromegaly)

Hypothyroidism(TRH) ; H2 blockers(cimetidine, ranitidine)

Pregnant/Postpartum; PIs; macroProlactinemia

Renal failure; Reglan (metoclopramide and dopamine inhibitors)

Oral contraceptives (estrogen); Opiates

Liver diseases (cirrhosis)

Adenoma of pituitary; empty sella

Craniopharyngioma

Tranquilizers (including risperidone); Tricyclics and SSRIs; Trauma; Tumor

Idiopathic (look for macroprolactinemia – 10% of hyperprolactinemic patients)

Nipple and chest wall stimulation (zoster)

Stress; Sleep; Seizures; Surgery; SSRIs; SLE; multiple Sclerosis; Sexercise

25
Q

What level of prolactin would be found with a prolactinoma?

A

Generally over 200 ng/mL

If 20 - 100, would indicate a different cause.

26
Q

What would you expect to see in a male with prolactinoma?

A
  1. Loss of libido
  2. Impotence
  3. Bitemporal hemianopsia
27
Q

What do you suspect if a patient with a high level (>200 ng/mL) of prolactin and a negative MRI has no symptoms?

A

Macroprolactinemia - large prolactin molecule

28
Q

If you find a macroadenoma on MRI what should you do?

A

Screen for other pituitary insufficiencies

29
Q

What are the treatment options for hyperprolactinemia?

A
  1. Bromocriptine
  2. Cabergoline
  3. Surgery
  4. Radiation
30
Q

What is postpartum cardiomyopathy related to?

A

Abnormal prolactin molecules

31
Q
A

Endocrine II - Exam 2 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions