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Applied Speech Science and Stuttering-julia > Acoustics 1 > Flashcards

Acoustics 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Frequency

A

Pattern of pressure change or waveform that carries energy from the sound source as it travels away from the sound source through the medium of the air

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2
Q

Fundamental Frequency

A

Periodic sounds have a repeating pattern of compression, mechanical sound is oscillating at a regular rate. Oscillation frequency is known at the F0.

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3
Q

Periodic

A

Regular and repeating pattern of compression and rarefaction: Mechanical sound source and sound oscillating at a regular rate e.g.: voiced sounds/ vowels

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4
Q

Aperiodic Sounds

A

Produced by sounds that have no regular or oscillating movements, mechanical movement is irregular and chaotic: e.g. voiceless fricatives

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5
Q

Complex sound wave

A

More than one frequency: If not a pure tone it is complex sound wave

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6
Q

Simple Sound Wave

A

Periodic waveforms that only consist of one frequency: Sine waves and pure tones

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7
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance travelled by one cycle of the waveform: Related to frequency and velocity

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8
Q

Phase

A

Starting point of a cycle of a tone or frequency with respect to another tone

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9
Q

Amplitude

A

Amount of change in air pressure produced by a sound source- among of displacement of air particles from their point of equilibrium
Depicted by the vertical height on a time-amplitude waveform/ Amplitude (Hz)

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10
Q

Pascals:

A

Commonly used pressure scale: measures in terms of force per unit area

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11
Q

Decible

A

Ratio scale used to measure the amplitude of sound: How loud a sound is relative to the threshold of hearing
SPL: Sound pressure level (often used)
IL: Intensity level
intensity is directly proportional to square of the pressure

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12
Q

Spectral Analysis

A

Decomposes or analyses any complex function: such as sound wave into simple components
Spectrum/ visual display that shows the amplitude of the frequency components

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13
Q

Spectrum

A

Visual display that shows the amplitude of frequency components across a range of frequencies for a particular time

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14
Q

Harmonics

A

Frequencies that are multiples of the F0 are called harmonics

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15
Q

Pitch

A

Psychological correlate of F0 of a periodic sound wave

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16
Q

Loudness

A

Progresses slowly with physical dimension of sound intensity (volume)

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17
Q

Sone

A

Psychological scale of loudness

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18
Q

Mels

A

Psychological scale of pitch

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19
Q

Range of sound intensities humans can normal hear in dB

A

0 to 140 dB

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20
Q

Conversation

A

60dB

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21
Q

Loud Rock Music

A

120dB

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22
Q

Whisper

A

30dB

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23
Q

Range of sound frequencies humans can normally hear

A

20 to 20000

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24
Q

Comparison of physical scales of sound intensity and frequency with psychological dimensions of loudness and pitch

A

F0-pitch
Sound intensity/amplitude-loudness

Psychological dimensions are related non-linearly to physical dimensions, equal steps to changes in physical do not produce corresponding equal steps to psychological dimensions

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25
Q

What is the advantage of using the decibel scale rather than air pressure of intensity?

A

Decibel scale has small and manageable range of units compared to sound pressure level

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26
Q

What does zero dB mean

A

-

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27
Q

What is the Amplitude of Sound?

A

Amount of change in air pressure caused by a sound source

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28
Q

In periodic sound waves what is the period?

A

-

29
Q

The F0 of human speech is associated with what part of the human speech production system?

A

Laryngeal system

30
Q

Where are harmonics in speech created

A

-

31
Q

What is the horizontal axis of a spectrum?

A

Frequency (Hertz)

32
Q

What is the vertical axis of a spectrum?

A

Amplitude (dB)

33
Q

What is the vertical axis of time-amplitude waveform?

A

Amplitude (Hz)

34
Q

A simple sound wave is the same as a pure tone true or false?

A

true

35
Q

what is the relationship between physical scales such as amplitude and psychological dimension such as loudness

A

As the physical dimension increases, more change is needed in the physical dimension to bring about a psychological change

36
Q

What is a spectrogram?

A

Gives us information about the spectral energy of sound: shows how the spectrum changes over time

36
Q

What is filtering?

A

Device that restricts or modulates the transmission of some part of the frequency spectrum. Can control the frequencies that are present in a sound by passing that sound through a filter

37
Q

What is a low pass filter?

A

Transfers sound energy at frequencies below a certain cut off frequency eg passing sound below 5hz

38
Q

High pass filter?

A

Passes energy above a particular cut off point eg passing everything above 500hz-variable in its way to increase or decrease cut off point

39
Q

Bandwidth and band pass filter?

A

Range of frequency passed by a filter

Combination of both low and high filter and only transmits sound energy within a particular frequency range or band

40
Q

Narrowband spectrograms components?

A

Useful for seeing the fundamental and harmonic frequencies- frequency resolution is good
Temporal resolution is poor so glottal pulsing is not visible
Longer window of analysis 30-50hz
Used if not much detail is needed
Bandwidth 30-50 hz
Harmonics are visible

41
Q

Wide band filter components ?

A

Faster providing better time for resolution
Temporal window is 3-5 MS short time
Bandwidth 300-500 hz
Good temporal resolution therefore it is possible to see glottal pulsing or striations
Poor frequency resolution (Can’t see harmonics)
Information regarding vowel type can be seen

42
Q

Does narrow band show you striations ?

A

False

43
Q

Narrow band show f0

A

True

44
Q

A sound passes through a filter which cuts all frequencies above 5000 hz what type of filter is it?

A

Low pass filter

45
Q

What is the typical bandwidth for a narrowband spectrogram?

A

30-50hz

46
Q

What is typical bandwidth for wide band spectrogram

A

300-500hz

47
Q

Horizontal axis for spectrogram

A

Time

48
Q

Vertical axis for a spectrogram

A

Frequency hz

49
Q

What type of spectrogram has good frequency resolution but poor temporal resolution

A

Narrowband

50
Q

Good temporal resolution but poor frequency resolution

A

Wideband

51
Q

Horizontal axis of fundamental frequency contour and intensity contour?

A

Time MS

52
Q

Vertical axis of a f0 contour?

A

Frequency hz

53
Q

Vertical axis of RMS intensity contour?

A

Amplitude db

54
Q

Resonance in speech is associated with?

A

The vocal tract or articulating system

55
Q

For what vowel categories do formants 1 and 2 come close together

A

Back vowels

56
Q

Central vowel vocal tract positions,compared to other vowels are most like what?

A

Closed end straight tubes

57
Q

For what vowels do formants 1 and 2 remain far apart?

A

Front vowels

58
Q

What is acoustic phonetics

A

Concerned with how different sound categories are realised in the speech sound wave

59
Q

What is created by the source in the source filter theory of speech production?

A

Harmonics

60
Q

What depends on the filter in the source filter theory of speech production?

A

Formant transitions

61
Q

What do shorter vocal tracts have?

A

Higher formants frequencies

62
Q

Diphthongs are characterised by?

A

Formant transitions with long durations, relatively slow transitions

63
Q

Features of semi vowels

A

W j r l
Formant transitions esp 2nd Formant
Rate of change generally faster for semivowels than diphthongs
3rd Formant important in distinguishing between r and l- frequency of third Formant is lower for r
Japanese speakers have trouble distinguishing the two

64
Q

Use of spectrums and spectrograms in clinic

A

Features of different sounds can be seen in these visual displays.
Eg misarticulating children saying tar instead of car should be reflected in spectrograms of their speech- 2nd Formant should start at a lower frequency when fronting velar compared to a correctly produced velar
Improved articulation also reflected in spectrograms and speech pathologist can see change before hear perceptually
For older children and adults sitting at a computer with PRAAT and providing examples of the correct production may be useful visual bio feedback to help them modify their output therefor praat can be used as a therapy tool

65
Q

Which fricative is not affected by resonance in the cavity after the point of constriction

A

F

66
Q

Which Formant transition is longer semivowels or diphthongs

A

Diphthongs

67
Q

What are the characteristics features of only nasal/nasalised sounds

A

There is a Formant whose frequency is below the first Formant of most vowels
Antiformants

68
Q

Which feature of the following is not a key acoustic feature of stop consonants

A

Anti formants

Applied Speech Science and Stuttering-julia (3 decks)

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