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ACN > ACN > Flashcards

ACN Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following does not reflects spiking activity?

Single-unit activity (SUA)

Multi-unit activity (MUA)

Low frequency components of the EFP (extracellular field potentials)

High frequency componentsof the EFP

A

Low frequency components of the EFP (extracellular field potentials)

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2
Q

What needs to be taken into account when modelling the BOLD-signal?

The shape of the haemodynamic response function

Slow fluctuations in the signal

The effects of the experimental conditions

All of the above

A

All of the above

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3
Q

What is the hemodynamic response?

A way for the neuron to cool itself

A way for the neuron to rapidly get rid of waste matter

A way for the neuron to inhibit ‘firing’

A way to get more oxygen and energy to the neuron

A

A way to get more oxegyn and energy to the neuron

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4
Q

What is a classifier in multivariate analysis of fMRI?

A number between 0-1 that specifies the level of activation in a voxel

An algorithm used to separate brain activation according to category

A linear model that predicts the amount of neuronal activity in a group of voxels

The voxel with the most influence on model performance.

A

An algorithm used to seperate brain activation according to category

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5
Q

Which of the following statements regarding multivariate analysis is false?

Multivariate analysis measures the difference in activation patterns of voxels

Encoding models can be used to infer stimuli from brain activation in multivariate analysis

Assuming different brain regions are the same is a pitfall of multivariate analysis

Multivariate analysis measures if activation is significant on a per-voxel basis

A

Multivariate analysis measures if activation is significant on a per-voxel basis

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6
Q

What is the Curse of Dimensionality and why is it a problem for multivariate fMRI analysis?

A high number of voxels and low number of samples leads to false positives

Warping of voxel space leads to false negatives

A genetic deformity of brain regions leads to false inferences

The natural layering of the cortex leads to difficulties in fMRI measurements

A

A high number of voxels and low number of samples leads to false positives

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7
Q

What characterises the bottom-up approach?

It is the same approach as Allan Turing had on human intelligence <3

It is to move from theory to data

To investigate the brain with focus on making theory based on data

To replicate cognitive behaviour

A

To investigate the brain with focus on making theory based on data

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8
Q

Which statement is true about brain organization? Neuron are….

  • arranged in local clusters with fewer long distance connections
  • connected to all other neurons
  • all randomly connected across the brain to a fraction of all neurons
  • arranged in local clusters with random long range connections
A

arranged in local clusters with fewer long distance connections

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9
Q

Slow brain oscillations

Cannot propagate

Can propagate over small areas

Can propagate over larger areas

Can propagate everywhere

A

Can propagate over larger areas

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10
Q

The presence of pink 1/f noise indicates

Oscillations at different scales are temporally linked

Oscillations at different scales are independent

Oscillations at high frequencies are less costly

Oscillations at high frequencies are more costly

A

Oscillations at different scales are temporarily linked

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11
Q

Are neurons integrate and fire systems?

Definitely yes, like we see in neural networks

Definitely no, brains are not like neural networks

It was the prevailing model until the 1980s, but no longer

It has been the prevailing model since the 1980s

A

It was the prevailing model until the 1980s, but no longer

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12
Q

What exactly is meant by “shared weights” in convolutional neural networks?

Per feature map, the same weights are applied to each local receptive field

All feature maps in the network have the same weights

All feature maps in a layer have the same weights

You must initialize all weights with the same value

A

Per feature map, the same weights are applied to each local receptive field

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13
Q

Are convolutional neural networks designed to closely parallel biological vision system?

Yes, CNNs provide framework for fully biologicalbrain-computational models

No, but the activity of CNNs can be related to activity of the visual system

No, only recurrent NNs are completely parallel to primate visual system

Yes, CNNs have proven to be 90% similar to biological brains

A

No, but activity of CNNs can be related to activity of the visual system

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14
Q

How do you pass the output of a conv. layer to a fully connected layer?

Flatten it

Multiply every input pixel by the total number of shared weights

Calculate the gradient and subtract it from the loss

Import numpy

A

Flatten it

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15
Q

What is the main purpose of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

It releases melatonin

It controls the homeostatic processes

It detects the blue light

It controls the circadian rhythm

A

It controls the circadian rhythm

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16
Q

What is the homeostatic process?

A cycle of about 24 hours entrained by light

It causes a pressure to fall asleep, which builds up throughout the day

It dictates the daily rhythm of sleep

A process that determines when you feel hungry

A

It causes pressure to fall asleep which builds up throughout the day

17
Q

In the new framework proposed by Fisk et al. (2018) what are the factors influencing cognition?

Light, sleep, arousal, circadian rhythm

Sleep, working memory, blue light

Spatial performance, melatonin, food

Circadian rhythm, SCN, REM sleep

A

Light, sleep, arousal, circadian rhythm

18
Q

Which of these methods does not require specifying a model?

Anova
GLM
ISC
DCM

A

ISC

19
Q

In contrast to traditional paradigms, where is the activation typically found in naturalistic paradigms?

More posteriorly

Limbic system

Higher order cortical areas

Corpus Callosum

A

Higher cortical areas

20
Q

Which of these does NOT categorize as naturalistic stimuli?

Short films

Drawings of a face

Spoken dialogue

Gambling task

A

Drawings of a face

21
Q

Endocrine hormones are NOT

Defined in relation to their brain function

Secreted from glands

In the blood stream

Signalling molecules

A

Defined in relation to their brain function

22
Q

The two major glands in the brain are called

The pineal and the thyroid glands

The pituitary and the thyroid glands

The pineal and the pituitary glands

The thyroid and adrenal glands

A

The pineal and the pituitary glands

23
Q

Oxytocin is probably NOT involved in

Lactation

Giving birth

Pair bonding

Mentalizing

A

Mentalizing

24
Q

Attention in heavy users of cannabis is…

Impaired when sober AND when high

Normal when sober AND when high

Normal when sober, but impaired when high

Impaired when sober, but normal when high

A

Impaired when sober, but normal when high

25
Q

What is the effect of THC on the activation level of dopamine neurons?

Activation levels of dopamine neurons are not affected by THC

Increased excitation of dopamine neurons

Increased inhibition of dopamine neurons

Rapidly increases and decreases dopamine levels

A

Increased excitation of dopamine neurons

26
Q

Which statement is true?

Cannabis causes long term impairment in working memory

Long term usage of cannabis is associated with altered reward processing

THC and CBD have very different chemical structures

Cannabis is rich in vitamins T, H and C

A

Long term usage of cannabis is associated with altered reward processing

27
Q

What creates more masculine features in female mice when administered just after birth?

Testosterone

Estrogen

X Chromosomes

Y Chromosomes

A

Estrogen

28
Q

What causes the most prominent physical sexual differentiation in males?

Sry

Alpha-feto-protein

Progesterone

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

A

Sry

29
Q

What does NOT matter for sexual differentiation?

Epigenetics

Hormones

Chromosomes

Parents’ IQ

A

Parent’s IQ

30
Q

Inhibitory feedback happens when….

  1. …the excited neuron reduces the activity of its neighbors.
  2. …the interneuron gets excited by one population of cells and inhibits a different population of cells.
  3. …the interneuron inhibits the population of cells that it’s just been excited by.
  4. …the neuron inhibits all other neurons in the brain
A

The interneuron inhibits the population of cells that it’s just been excited by

31
Q

How is the brain organised, according to Buzsáki?

  • As a hierarchy of linear algorithms
  • As a hierarchy of multiple parallel loops
  • As a feed forward network
  • As a system of nonlinear equations
A

As a hierarchy of multiple parallel loops

32
Q

How is tensegrity upheld in the brain according to buzsáki?

  • By scaffolding neuros with glia
  • Using long-term potentiation
  • By integrating hippocampal and thalamic input
  • By opposing excitatory and inhibitory forces
A

By opposing excitatory and inhibitory forces

33
Q

A computational model that emulates most of the content of the AdvCogNeuro course

  • Deep Recurrent Neural Network
  • Integrate and fire model
  • Convolutional neural network
  • Predictive coding model
A

Deep recurrent neural network

34
Q
  1. The BOLD signal measured with fMRI probably reflects
    • Reflecting changes in local field potentials
    • Increase in number of action potentials
    • Neural firing rate
    • Nucleus energy consumption
A

Reflecting changes in local field potentials

35
Q 
2.	A perceptron as developed by Rosenblatt, Minsky and Papert takes input and generates…
•	an output using a sigmoid function
•	a continuous output
•	a weighted binary output
•	an output following a step function
A

An output following a step function

36
Q
  1. Gradient descent
    • is the pruning of the connections in the neural network
    • is the process of finding the minimum of the cost function
    • is the minimisation of biases in the neurons
    • is the process of finding the partial derivatives of the cost function
A

is the process of minimizing the cost function

ACN (1 decks)

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