ACN Flashcards
Which of the following does not reflects spiking activity?
Single-unit activity (SUA)
Multi-unit activity (MUA)
Low frequency components of the EFP (extracellular field potentials)
High frequency componentsof the EFP
Low frequency components of the EFP (extracellular field potentials)
What needs to be taken into account when modelling the BOLD-signal?
The shape of the haemodynamic response function
Slow fluctuations in the signal
The effects of the experimental conditions
All of the above
All of the above
What is the hemodynamic response?
A way for the neuron to cool itself
A way for the neuron to rapidly get rid of waste matter
A way for the neuron to inhibit ‘firing’
A way to get more oxygen and energy to the neuron
A way to get more oxegyn and energy to the neuron
What is a classifier in multivariate analysis of fMRI?
A number between 0-1 that specifies the level of activation in a voxel
An algorithm used to separate brain activation according to category
A linear model that predicts the amount of neuronal activity in a group of voxels
The voxel with the most influence on model performance.
An algorithm used to seperate brain activation according to category
Which of the following statements regarding multivariate analysis is false?
Multivariate analysis measures the difference in activation patterns of voxels
Encoding models can be used to infer stimuli from brain activation in multivariate analysis
Assuming different brain regions are the same is a pitfall of multivariate analysis
Multivariate analysis measures if activation is significant on a per-voxel basis
Multivariate analysis measures if activation is significant on a per-voxel basis
What is the Curse of Dimensionality and why is it a problem for multivariate fMRI analysis?
A high number of voxels and low number of samples leads to false positives
Warping of voxel space leads to false negatives
A genetic deformity of brain regions leads to false inferences
The natural layering of the cortex leads to difficulties in fMRI measurements
A high number of voxels and low number of samples leads to false positives
What characterises the bottom-up approach?
It is the same approach as Allan Turing had on human intelligence <3
It is to move from theory to data
To investigate the brain with focus on making theory based on data
To replicate cognitive behaviour
To investigate the brain with focus on making theory based on data
Which statement is true about brain organization? Neuron are….
- arranged in local clusters with fewer long distance connections
- connected to all other neurons
- all randomly connected across the brain to a fraction of all neurons
- arranged in local clusters with random long range connections
arranged in local clusters with fewer long distance connections
Slow brain oscillations
Cannot propagate
Can propagate over small areas
Can propagate over larger areas
Can propagate everywhere
Can propagate over larger areas
The presence of pink 1/f noise indicates
Oscillations at different scales are temporally linked
Oscillations at different scales are independent
Oscillations at high frequencies are less costly
Oscillations at high frequencies are more costly
Oscillations at different scales are temporarily linked
Are neurons integrate and fire systems?
Definitely yes, like we see in neural networks
Definitely no, brains are not like neural networks
It was the prevailing model until the 1980s, but no longer
It has been the prevailing model since the 1980s
It was the prevailing model until the 1980s, but no longer
What exactly is meant by “shared weights” in convolutional neural networks?
Per feature map, the same weights are applied to each local receptive field
All feature maps in the network have the same weights
All feature maps in a layer have the same weights
You must initialize all weights with the same value
Per feature map, the same weights are applied to each local receptive field
Are convolutional neural networks designed to closely parallel biological vision system?
Yes, CNNs provide framework for fully biologicalbrain-computational models
No, but the activity of CNNs can be related to activity of the visual system
No, only recurrent NNs are completely parallel to primate visual system
Yes, CNNs have proven to be 90% similar to biological brains
No, but activity of CNNs can be related to activity of the visual system
How do you pass the output of a conv. layer to a fully connected layer?
Flatten it
Multiply every input pixel by the total number of shared weights
Calculate the gradient and subtract it from the loss
Import numpy
Flatten it
What is the main purpose of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
It releases melatonin
It controls the homeostatic processes
It detects the blue light
It controls the circadian rhythm
It controls the circadian rhythm
What is the homeostatic process?
A cycle of about 24 hours entrained by light
It causes a pressure to fall asleep, which builds up throughout the day
It dictates the daily rhythm of sleep
A process that determines when you feel hungry
It causes pressure to fall asleep which builds up throughout the day
In the new framework proposed by Fisk et al. (2018) what are the factors influencing cognition?
Light, sleep, arousal, circadian rhythm
Sleep, working memory, blue light
Spatial performance, melatonin, food
Circadian rhythm, SCN, REM sleep
Light, sleep, arousal, circadian rhythm
Which of these methods does not require specifying a model?
Anova
GLM
ISC
DCM
ISC
In contrast to traditional paradigms, where is the activation typically found in naturalistic paradigms?
More posteriorly
Limbic system
Higher order cortical areas
Corpus Callosum
Higher cortical areas
Which of these does NOT categorize as naturalistic stimuli?
Short films
Drawings of a face
Spoken dialogue
Gambling task
Drawings of a face
Endocrine hormones are NOT
Defined in relation to their brain function
Secreted from glands
In the blood stream
Signalling molecules
Defined in relation to their brain function
The two major glands in the brain are called
The pineal and the thyroid glands
The pituitary and the thyroid glands
The pineal and the pituitary glands
The thyroid and adrenal glands
The pineal and the pituitary glands
Oxytocin is probably NOT involved in
Lactation
Giving birth
Pair bonding
Mentalizing
Mentalizing
Attention in heavy users of cannabis is…
Impaired when sober AND when high
Normal when sober AND when high
Normal when sober, but impaired when high
Impaired when sober, but normal when high
Impaired when sober, but normal when high
What is the effect of THC on the activation level of dopamine neurons?
Activation levels of dopamine neurons are not affected by THC
Increased excitation of dopamine neurons
Increased inhibition of dopamine neurons
Rapidly increases and decreases dopamine levels
Increased excitation of dopamine neurons
Which statement is true?
Cannabis causes long term impairment in working memory
Long term usage of cannabis is associated with altered reward processing
THC and CBD have very different chemical structures
Cannabis is rich in vitamins T, H and C
Long term usage of cannabis is associated with altered reward processing
What creates more masculine features in female mice when administered just after birth?
Testosterone
Estrogen
X Chromosomes
Y Chromosomes
Estrogen
What causes the most prominent physical sexual differentiation in males?
Sry
Alpha-feto-protein
Progesterone
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
Sry
What does NOT matter for sexual differentiation?
Epigenetics
Hormones
Chromosomes
Parents’ IQ
Parent’s IQ
Inhibitory feedback happens when….
- …the excited neuron reduces the activity of its neighbors.
- …the interneuron gets excited by one population of cells and inhibits a different population of cells.
- …the interneuron inhibits the population of cells that it’s just been excited by.
- …the neuron inhibits all other neurons in the brain
The interneuron inhibits the population of cells that it’s just been excited by
How is the brain organised, according to Buzsáki?
- As a hierarchy of linear algorithms
- As a hierarchy of multiple parallel loops
- As a feed forward network
- As a system of nonlinear equations
As a hierarchy of multiple parallel loops
How is tensegrity upheld in the brain according to buzsáki?
- By scaffolding neuros with glia
- Using long-term potentiation
- By integrating hippocampal and thalamic input
- By opposing excitatory and inhibitory forces
By opposing excitatory and inhibitory forces
A computational model that emulates most of the content of the AdvCogNeuro course
- Deep Recurrent Neural Network
- Integrate and fire model
- Convolutional neural network
- Predictive coding model
Deep recurrent neural network
- The BOLD signal measured with fMRI probably reflects
• Reflecting changes in local field potentials
• Increase in number of action potentials
• Neural firing rate
• Nucleus energy consumption
Reflecting changes in local field potentials
2. A perceptron as developed by Rosenblatt, Minsky and Papert takes input and generates… • an output using a sigmoid function • a continuous output • a weighted binary output • an output following a step function
An output following a step function
- Gradient descent
• is the pruning of the connections in the neural network
• is the process of finding the minimum of the cost function
• is the minimisation of biases in the neurons
• is the process of finding the partial derivatives of the cost function
is the process of minimizing the cost function
