Acitivity 1 review Flashcards
change in the original shape and size of a rock.
Deformation
deformation of materials from stress; ratio of changes in length to the original length
strain
successive stages of deformation ( 3 enumerate )
elastic, ductile, fracture
irereversible strain wherein the material breaks.
fracture
process of rock formations ( 2 enumerate )
folding and faulting
wherein the strain is reversible
elastic
wherein the strain is irreversible
ductile
occurs when rock pushed towards each other from opposite sides, become ductile solids, produced by horizontal comprehensive stresses
folding
force acting on a material that produces a strain
stress
stress where the forces act equally from all directions.
pressure
refers to the stress that is not equal from all directions
differential stress
common types of folds ( 2 enumerate )
anticline, syncline
fold that is arched upward, ridge
anticline
fold that is arched downward, through
syncline
fracturing and displacement of brittle rocks along a fault plane
faulting
types of stress ( enumerate 3 )
tension, compression, shearing
stretched rocks
tension
pushes rocks together
compression
causes masses of rocks to slip
shearing
the blocks are pulled apart
normal fault
the blocks are pushed together
reverse fault
two blocks slide past each other
transform fault
seafloor on other side of ridges spread away from the crest
SEAFLOOR SPREADING
contains crust and uppermost part of mantle
LITHOSPHERE
composed of partially melted rocks in upper mantle that acts in a plastic manner.
ASTHENOSPHERE
Plates of lithosphere are moved around by underlying hot mantle.
PLATE MOVEMENT
concept of horizontal or upwards and downward movement of mantle.
CONVECTION CELLS
tectonic plates moving away from each other
DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES
tectonic plates converging
CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES
shearing forces causes rocks to slide past one another.
TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES
stretching and thinning of rocks resulting in faulting
TENSIONAL FORCES
forms mountain but has no volcanism.
CONTINENT - CONTINENT
results in chain of volcanoes
CON TINENT - OCEANIC
Causes to sink into mantle forming subduction zone
OCEAN - OCEAN
very deep depresssion in the ocean floor
TRENCH
An astronomer used biology and geology to describe pangea and continental drift
ALFRED WEGENER
single landmass out of all earth’s continent
PANGEA
located near the south pole during the assembly of Pangea exhibit evidence of glaciation
PALEOCLIMATES
rich placer deposits of gold are found on the ghana coast but the source are in brazil
PLACER DEPOSITS
sedimentary rocks formed out of deposits of glaciers
TILLITE DEPOSITS
helpful for exploring and mapping the ocean by sound wave
SONAR
canadian geophysicist combined continetal drift and seafloor spreading
JOHN TUZO
downsloped movement of rocks
MASS WASTING
rock fragments
ROCK FALL
a large rock body
ROCK SLIDE
a large rock body that slides and then breaks into small fragments
ROCK AVALANCHE
soil or other overburden
CREEP OR SOIL FLUCTION
thick deposits of unconsolidated sediment
SLUMP
loose sediment with a significant component of silt and clay
MUDFLOW
sand gravel and larger fragmments
DEBRIS FLOW
help map and characterize the layers of the earth
S WAVES
first type of wave to arrise at seismic recording stations
P WAVES
part of lithospshere
CRUST
divides Crust
CONRAD DISCONUINITY
igneous sedimentary and metamorphic
CONTINENTAL CRUST
basalts and sometimes called SIMA
OCEANIC CRUST
thickness 2885 km SIMA
MANTLE
divides mantle
MOHORIVICIC DISCONUINITY
soft layer of the mantle on which pieces of lithosphere move
ASTHENOSPHERE
inner layer of earth
CORE
composed of liquid NIFE ( nickel and iron )
OUTER CORE
divides outer core
GUTTENBERG’S DISCONUINTY
composed of solid NIFE ( nickel and iron (
INNER CORE
divides inner core
LEHMANN DISCONUINITY
process formed occuring beneath the surface of the earth
ENDOGENIC PROCESS
process of formation and movement of magma u der the earth’s crust
MAGMATISM
the kind of melting can occur when the temperature stays the same but the temperature decreases
DECOMPRESSION MELTING
triggered when volatie or gaseos substance are added in hot solid rocks
FLUX MELTING
melting of surrounding rocks caused by very hot magma
HEAT TRANSFER MELTING
when a rock begins to met only certain materials are melted
PARTIAL MELTING
when magma cools and mineral grains start to form
CRYSTALLIZATION OF MAGMA
usually happens after magma is formed
VOLCANISM
flow of lava and formation of fountain and lakes
EFFUSIVE
flow of high silica content and more viscous
EXPLOSIVE
broad dome with gentle scope ; made of basaltic lava
SHIELD VOLCANO
tends to build large and high volcanic edifice
STRATOVOLCANO
consists of small cone formed spattering lava; small fragements of rocks
CINDER CONE
refers to the shaking of earth as a result of breaking or shifting of the rocks of the tectonic plates.
EARTHQUAKE
happens when energy is released as a result of collision
TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE
it causes by movements of molten materials or gas pressure inside a volcano
VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE
center or source of earthquake
FOCUS / HYPOCENTER
ground above focus
EPICENTER
damage caused by earthquake
INTENSITY
amount of energy released
MAGNITUDE
process when a rock changes its form into a new one without undergoing melting
METAMORPHISM
refers to change in shape and size of minerals without changing its density
RECRYSTALLIZATION
transforms a grain of one mineral into a grain of mateer mineral having the same composition
PHASE CHANGE
growth of minerals that differ from those in the photoliths
NEO - CRYSTALLIZATION
refers to the dissolution of mineral grains when a rock is squeezed dominantly in one direction
PRESSURE SOLUTION
it refers to some minerals become flattened or elongated without changing either the composition or crystal structure due to their plastic behaviour
PLASTIC DEFORMATION
qualitive measurement
RELATIVE AGE
father of modern geology
JAMES HUTTON
father of stratigraphy -
NICOLAS STENO
process of creating layers of rocks
STRATIFICATION
horizontal layers present in most sedimentary rocks
STRATA
proper chronological placement of a feature object or happening in geologic time scale
RELATIVE DATING
method of reading the order
STRATIGRAPHY
top of strata is youngest while the bottom of strata is oldest
LAW OF SUPERPOSITION
rocks layer are continous until they come into contact with other solid bodies
LAW OF LATERAL CONTINUITY
if a body of rock cuts through another body of rock thwn it must be younger in age
LAW OF CROSS CUTTING
surfaces of errosion and non deposition that seperate younger rocks from older ones
UNCONFIRMITIES
when erosion ends a new horizontal layer is deposited on top of the tilted layer
ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY
metamorphic or igneous rock in contact with sedimentary strata
NONCONFORMITY
sediment layers are exposed to weathering and erosion resulting in an irregular surface
DISCONFORMITY
strata are parallel to one another and the contact is a simple bedding plane
PARACONFORMITY
remnants o0f any ancient animal or plant
FOSSILS
