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Earth sci > Acitivity 1 review > Flashcards

Acitivity 1 review Flashcards

1
Q

change in the original shape and size of a rock.

A

Deformation

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2
Q

deformation of materials from stress; ratio of changes in length to the original length

A

strain

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3
Q

successive stages of deformation ( 3 enumerate )

A

elastic, ductile, fracture

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4
Q

irereversible strain wherein the material breaks.

A

fracture

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5
Q

process of rock formations ( 2 enumerate )

A

folding and faulting

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6
Q

wherein the strain is reversible

A

elastic

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7
Q

wherein the strain is irreversible

A

ductile

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8
Q

occurs when rock pushed towards each other from opposite sides, become ductile solids, produced by horizontal comprehensive stresses

A

folding

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9
Q

force acting on a material that produces a strain

A

stress

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10
Q

stress where the forces act equally from all directions.

A

pressure

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11
Q

refers to the stress that is not equal from all directions

A

differential stress

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12
Q

common types of folds ( 2 enumerate )

A

anticline, syncline

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13
Q

fold that is arched upward, ridge

A

anticline

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14
Q

fold that is arched downward, through

A

syncline

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15
Q

fracturing and displacement of brittle rocks along a fault plane

A

faulting

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16
Q

types of stress ( enumerate 3 )

A

tension, compression, shearing

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17
Q

stretched rocks

A

tension

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18
Q

pushes rocks together

A

compression

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19
Q

causes masses of rocks to slip

A

shearing

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20
Q

the blocks are pulled apart

A

normal fault

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21
Q

the blocks are pushed together

A

reverse fault

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22
Q

two blocks slide past each other

A

transform fault

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23
Q

seafloor on other side of ridges spread away from the crest

A

SEAFLOOR SPREADING

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24
Q

contains crust and uppermost part of mantle

A

LITHOSPHERE

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25
Q

composed of partially melted rocks in upper mantle that acts in a plastic manner.

A

ASTHENOSPHERE

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26
Q

Plates of lithosphere are moved around by underlying hot mantle.

A

PLATE MOVEMENT

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27
Q

concept of horizontal or upwards and downward movement of mantle.

A

CONVECTION CELLS

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28
Q

tectonic plates moving away from each other

A

DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES

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29
Q

tectonic plates converging

A

CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES

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30
Q

shearing forces causes rocks to slide past one another.

A

TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES

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31
Q

stretching and thinning of rocks resulting in faulting

A

TENSIONAL FORCES

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32
Q

forms mountain but has no volcanism.

A

CONTINENT - CONTINENT

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33
Q

results in chain of volcanoes

A

CON TINENT - OCEANIC

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34
Q

Causes to sink into mantle forming subduction zone

A

OCEAN - OCEAN

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35
Q

very deep depresssion in the ocean floor

A

TRENCH

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36
Q

An astronomer used biology and geology to describe pangea and continental drift

A

ALFRED WEGENER

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37
Q

single landmass out of all earth’s continent

A

PANGEA

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38
Q

located near the south pole during the assembly of Pangea exhibit evidence of glaciation

A

PALEOCLIMATES

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39
Q

rich placer deposits of gold are found on the ghana coast but the source are in brazil

A

PLACER DEPOSITS

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40
Q

sedimentary rocks formed out of deposits of glaciers

A

TILLITE DEPOSITS

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41
Q

helpful for exploring and mapping the ocean by sound wave

A

SONAR

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42
Q

canadian geophysicist combined continetal drift and seafloor spreading

A

JOHN TUZO

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43
Q

downsloped movement of rocks

A

MASS WASTING

44
Q

rock fragments

A

ROCK FALL

45
Q

a large rock body

A

ROCK SLIDE

46
Q

a large rock body that slides and then breaks into small fragments

A

ROCK AVALANCHE

47
Q

soil or other overburden

A

CREEP OR SOIL FLUCTION

48
Q

thick deposits of unconsolidated sediment

A

SLUMP

49
Q

loose sediment with a significant component of silt and clay

A

MUDFLOW

50
Q

sand gravel and larger fragmments

A

DEBRIS FLOW

51
Q

help map and characterize the layers of the earth

A

S WAVES

52
Q

first type of wave to arrise at seismic recording stations

A

P WAVES

53
Q

part of lithospshere

A

CRUST

54
Q

divides Crust

A

CONRAD DISCONUINITY

55
Q

igneous sedimentary and metamorphic

A

CONTINENTAL CRUST

56
Q

basalts and sometimes called SIMA

A

OCEANIC CRUST

57
Q

thickness 2885 km SIMA

A

MANTLE

58
Q

divides mantle

A

MOHORIVICIC DISCONUINITY

59
Q

soft layer of the mantle on which pieces of lithosphere move

A

ASTHENOSPHERE

60
Q

inner layer of earth

A

CORE

61
Q

composed of liquid NIFE ( nickel and iron )

A

OUTER CORE

62
Q

divides outer core

A

GUTTENBERG’S DISCONUINTY

63
Q

composed of solid NIFE ( nickel and iron (

A

INNER CORE

64
Q

divides inner core

A

LEHMANN DISCONUINITY

65
Q

process formed occuring beneath the surface of the earth

A

ENDOGENIC PROCESS

66
Q

process of formation and movement of magma u der the earth’s crust

A

MAGMATISM

67
Q

the kind of melting can occur when the temperature stays the same but the temperature decreases

A

DECOMPRESSION MELTING

68
Q

triggered when volatie or gaseos substance are added in hot solid rocks

A

FLUX MELTING

69
Q

melting of surrounding rocks caused by very hot magma

A

HEAT TRANSFER MELTING

70
Q

when a rock begins to met only certain materials are melted

A

PARTIAL MELTING

71
Q

when magma cools and mineral grains start to form

A

CRYSTALLIZATION OF MAGMA

72
Q

usually happens after magma is formed

A

VOLCANISM

73
Q

flow of lava and formation of fountain and lakes

A

EFFUSIVE

74
Q

flow of high silica content and more viscous

A

EXPLOSIVE

75
Q

broad dome with gentle scope ; made of basaltic lava

A

SHIELD VOLCANO

76
Q

tends to build large and high volcanic edifice

A

STRATOVOLCANO

77
Q

consists of small cone formed spattering lava; small fragements of rocks

A

CINDER CONE

78
Q

refers to the shaking of earth as a result of breaking or shifting of the rocks of the tectonic plates.

A

EARTHQUAKE

79
Q

happens when energy is released as a result of collision

A

TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE

80
Q

it causes by movements of molten materials or gas pressure inside a volcano

A

VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE

81
Q

center or source of earthquake

A

FOCUS / HYPOCENTER

82
Q

ground above focus

A

EPICENTER

83
Q

damage caused by earthquake

A

INTENSITY

84
Q

amount of energy released

A

MAGNITUDE

85
Q

process when a rock changes its form into a new one without undergoing melting

A

METAMORPHISM

86
Q

refers to change in shape and size of minerals without changing its density

A

RECRYSTALLIZATION

87
Q

transforms a grain of one mineral into a grain of mateer mineral having the same composition

A

PHASE CHANGE

88
Q

growth of minerals that differ from those in the photoliths

A

NEO - CRYSTALLIZATION

89
Q

refers to the dissolution of mineral grains when a rock is squeezed dominantly in one direction

A

PRESSURE SOLUTION

90
Q

it refers to some minerals become flattened or elongated without changing either the composition or crystal structure due to their plastic behaviour

A

PLASTIC DEFORMATION

91
Q

qualitive measurement

A

RELATIVE AGE

92
Q

father of modern geology

A

JAMES HUTTON

93
Q

father of stratigraphy -

A

NICOLAS STENO

94
Q

process of creating layers of rocks

A

STRATIFICATION

95
Q

horizontal layers present in most sedimentary rocks

A

STRATA

96
Q

proper chronological placement of a feature object or happening in geologic time scale

A

RELATIVE DATING

97
Q

method of reading the order

A

STRATIGRAPHY

98
Q

top of strata is youngest while the bottom of strata is oldest

A

LAW OF SUPERPOSITION

99
Q

rocks layer are continous until they come into contact with other solid bodies

A

LAW OF LATERAL CONTINUITY

100
Q

if a body of rock cuts through another body of rock thwn it must be younger in age

A

LAW OF CROSS CUTTING

101
Q

surfaces of errosion and non deposition that seperate younger rocks from older ones

A

UNCONFIRMITIES

102
Q

when erosion ends a new horizontal layer is deposited on top of the tilted layer

A

ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY

103
Q

metamorphic or igneous rock in contact with sedimentary strata

A

NONCONFORMITY

104
Q

sediment layers are exposed to weathering and erosion resulting in an irregular surface

A

DISCONFORMITY

105
Q

strata are parallel to one another and the contact is a simple bedding plane

A

PARACONFORMITY

106
Q

remnants o0f any ancient animal or plant

A

FOSSILS

Earth sci (3 decks)

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