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IGCSE Chemistry > Acids, Bases and Salts > Flashcards

Acids, Bases and Salts Flashcards

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1
Q

Nitric Acid

A

NHO3

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2
Q

Hydrochloric Acid

A

HCl

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3
Q

Sulphuric Acid

A

H2SO4

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4
Q

Suffix at the end of an acid?

A

-ic or -ous

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5
Q

What is common in all acids? + Example

A

They dissolve in water to form H+ ions.

HCl (g) -> dissolved in H2O = H+(aq) and Cl-(aq)

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6
Q

Sulphate ion formula

A

SO4 (-2)

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7
Q

Nitrate ion formula

A

NO3 (-1)

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8
Q

Hydroxide ion formula

A

OH(-)

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9
Q

Carbonate ion forumla

A

CO3 (-2)

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10
Q

Phosphate ion formula

A

PO4 (-3)

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11
Q

Sodium hydroxide

A

NaOH

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12
Q

Potassium hydroxide

A

KOH

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13
Q

Calcium hydroxide

A

Ca(OH)2

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14
Q

Ammonium

A

NH4

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15
Q

Method 1 to prepare soluble salts with acids+metals

A

Acid + metal = salt + hydrogen

:Ammonium salts, potassium salts, sodium salts, ethanoate salts

  1. Add metal to acid until no more bubbling is seen (all the acid has reacted)
  2. Filter to remove the unreacted metal, leaving salt solution behind.
  3. Heat the solution in an evaporating dish to remove water, then allow the concentrated solution to cool to form crystals.
  4. Crystals are filtered off and washed with distilled water, then dried between filter paper.
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16
Q

Why is an excess of solid to prepare soluble salts?

A

Using an excess of solid makes sure that all the acid is used up and the reaction is complete. Otherwise, the acid would become more concentrated when the water evaporated.

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17
Q

Organic vs Mineral acids

A

ORGANIC ACID: naturally-occurring
:weak acid (high pH)
:not corrosive
:give away their H+ ions partially (partially ionises)
:eg: lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid

MINERAL ACID: man-made
:strong acid (high pH)
:corrosive
:give away all their H+ ions, completely ionises
:eg: hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sulphurous acid

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18
Q

Sulphurous acid vs Sulphuric acid

A

SULPHUROUS: H2SO3

SULPHURIC: H2SO4

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19
Q

Acid+Metal=?

A

Acid+Metal=Salt+Hydrogen Gas

2HCl+Na=NaCl+H2

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20
Q

Acid+Metal Oxide=?

A

Acid+Metal Oxide=Salt+Water

2HCl+NaO=NaCl+H2O

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21
Q

Acid+Metal Carbonate=?

A

Acid+Metal Carbonate=Salt+Carbon dioxide gas+Water

2HCl+NaCO3=NaCl+CO2+H2O

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22
Q

Acid+alkali/base=?

A

Acid+Alkali/Base=Salt=Water

HCl+NaOH=NaCl+H2O

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23
Q

Define bases.

A

Bases are a class of chemical compounds that can be either metal oxides or metal hydroxides (ALKALIS). They react in an acid to form salt and water. They’re usually insoluble in water and bitter in taste. All alkalis are bases but not all bases are alkalis

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24
Q

Define acids.

A

Acids are substances that give H+ ions, have a pH lower than 7 and turn blue litmus red. They react with alkalis to form salt and water.

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25
Q

Define alkalis.

A

Alkalis are substances that give OH+ ions, have a pH higher than 7 and turn red litmus blue. They react with acids to form salt and water.

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26
Q

Which bases are soluble in water?

A

Bases (metal oxides) from Group 1 and 2 are soluble in water.

They combine with water to form alkalis.
»soluble metal oxide+H2O=metal hydroxide

27
Q

Name some alkalis.

A 
Sodium hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide
Ammonium hydroxide
28
Q

Alkali+ammonium salt=?

A

alkali+ammonium salts (NH4) = salt+water+ammonia gas (NH3)

NaOH+NH4NO3 = NaNO3 + H2O + NH3

29
Q

What is ammonia gas and how can it be identified?

A

Ammonia gas = NH3

Ammonia gas turns damp red litmus blue.

30
Q

Alkali+Acid=?

A

Alkali+acid=salt+water

NaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2O

31
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance on a scale of 0-14. 7 is neutral, like water. Below 7 is acidic. Above 7 is alkaline.

Below 0-3: Weak acids
Above 3-6: Strong acids
8-11: Weak alkalis
12-14: Strong alkalis

32
Q

What is the function of litmus paper?

A

When litmus paper is dipped in acid, it turns from blue to red. When it’s dipped in alkali, it goes from red to blue.

33
Q

Methyl orange?

A

Methyl orange is an indicator. Mnemonic: Mid Year Result

METHYL ALKALI ACID
MID YEAR RESULT
Methyl Yellow Red

=> Methyl is yellow in alkalis and red in acids.

34
Q

Phenolphthalein

A

An indicator. Mnemonic: Pakistan People’s Colony

PHEN ALKALI ACID
Pakistan People’s Colony
Phen Pink Colourless

35
Q

Universal Indicator

A 
Red 1-2 pH
Orange 2-4
Yellow 4-6
Green 7
Blue 7-9
Indigo 9-12
Violet 12-14
36
Q

Types of Oxides?

A 
Types:
Basic Oxides - METAL OXIDE
Acidic Oxides - NON METAL OXIDE
Neutral Oxides - NON METAL OXIDE
Amphoteric Oxides - METAL OXIDES
37
Q

What are Basic Oxides?

A

Basic oxides are metal oxides which dissolve with water to form alkalis.

Metal from GROUP 1/2+oxygen=basic oxide

basic oxide+water=alkali

FOR EXAMPLE: Calcium Oxide (CaO)
Sodium Oxide (Na2O)
38
Q

What are Acidic Oxides?

A

Acidic oxides are nonmetal oxides which dissolve with water to form acids.

Nonmetal+oxygen=acidic oxide

Acidic oxide+water=acid

CO2+H20=H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

39
Q

How to add AB+CD

A

AB+CD=AD+BC

40
Q

What are Neutral Oxides?

A

Neutral oxides are nonmetal oxides that are insoluble in water and have no reaction with acids and alkalis.

Nonmetal + oxygen = neutral oxide

Neutral Oxide + H2O = no reaction

41
Q

What are Amphoteric Oxides?

A

Amphoteric Oxides are metal oxides which can act as both acids and bases. They react with acids to form salt and water, thus acting as bases. They react with bases to form salt and water, thus acting as acids in the neutralisation reaction.

EG: Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3)
lead oxide (PbO)

Amphoteric oxide+acid = salt and water
Zinc oxide + Hydrochloric acid = Zinc chloride + water
ZnO+2(HCl)=ZnCl2 + H2O

Amphoteric oxide+alkali=salt and water
Zinc oxide + Sodium hydroxide = Sodium zincate + water
ZnO+NaOH=Na2ZnO2 + H20

42
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide gas?

A

Limewater turns milky in the presence of CO2.

43
Q

What is the test for oxygen gas?

A

A glowing splint turns on in the presence of O2.

44
Q

What is the test for hydrogen gas?

A

A lighted splint makes a pop sound in the presence of H2.

45
Q

How are salts formed?

A

Salts are formed when the hydrogen atom in an acid is partially (acidic salt) or completely (neutral salt) replaced by a metal.

46
Q

Types of salts?

A

Acidic salt: hydrogen is only partially replaced by a metal.
H2SO4+Na=NaHSO4+H2

Neutral salt: hydrogen is completely replaced by a metal.
HCl+Na=NaCl+H2

47
Q

Solubility of salts?

A

ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL EDUCATION - NORTH SOUTH CARBON COPY - BAKED CHICKEN PIZZA AT PIZZA HUT

SOLUBLE IN WATER:

Army Public School Education North
Ammonium Potassium Sodium Ethanoates Nitrates

INSOLUBLE/SOLUBLE:

South: Sulphates (soluble in all but BAKED CHICKEN PIZZA)
Barium Calcium Pb (Lead)

Carbon: Chlorides (soluble in all but AT PIZZA HUT)
Ammonium Pb Hg (Silver)

Copy: Carbonates (insoluble in all but Gr 1, ammonia -NH3 and carbonates - CO3)

48
Q

Water of Crystallisation

A

Some salts contain water of crystallisation, which gives crystals shape and colour.
EG: Copper (II) sulphate is blue

49
Q

test for presence of water in anhydrous salt

A

add water and it will turn back blue

50
Q

suffix in salts

A
  • ate
  • ite
  • icle
51
Q

preparing soluble salts methods _ insoluble salt method

A

Soluble salts:

  1. Adding excess
  2. Titration

Insoluble:
1.Precipitation

52
Q

Method 1 to prepare soluble salts

A

Acid + solid metal/base/carbonate=soluble salt
»APSE salts formed
1. Add an excess of the metal to the acid until no more bubbling takes place and all the acid has reacted.
2. Filter the undissolved metal out to obtain the salt solution.
3. Heat the solution in an evaporating dish to remove the water, then allow to cool to form crystals.
4. Wash crystals with distilled water and dried between filter paper.

53
Q

Method 2 to prepare soluble salts

A

Acid+alkali/soluble carbonate=soluble salt

Involves neutralization of an acid and alkali to form salt.

  1. The acid solution is poured into a burette. A known volume of alkali is places in a flask using a pipette. A few drops of indicator are added to the flask.
  2. The acid solution is run into the flask until the indicator just changes colour. This is the end-point for the reaction.
  3. The salt solution is evaporated and cooled to form crystals.
54
Q

Method to prepare insoluble salts

A

BY PRECIPITATION:

Two soluble salts are mixed, we obtain insoluble salt.

EG: Insoluble silver chloride is precipitated when solutions of silver nitrate and sodium chloride are mixed together.

AgNa+NaCl=AgCl(insoluble)+NaNO3(soluble)

55
Q

What is precipitation ?

A

The sudden formation of an insoluble salt, either when two solutions are mixed or when gas is bubbled into a solution.

56
Q

Acid reactions IRL

A
  1. Excess HCl in our stomach can cause acidity or indigestion. Neutralized using Milk of Magnesia.
  2. Hard water boiled, calcium carbonate builds up in the kettle. It is removed using acid treatments or vinegar (acetic acid)
  3. Plant growth is affected by soil pH. If the soil is too acidic for a certain plant, calcium oxide, limestone, or powdered chalk neutralizes it.
57
Q

Heyy! Well done; you’re doing great! Just a teeny bit left now! :D There may be some MCQs and short questions coming up, so are you ready?

A

Great! You can do this ^-^

Whoop whoop! Ace this test, gal!

58
Q

MCQ: sodium hydroxide was added to HCl. The pH of the solution in the flask was measured at intervals until no further change took place. What would be the pH change in this reaction?

a) decrease to 1
b) decrease to 7
c) increase to 7
d) increase to 12

A

d) increase to 12

Because an alkali was added to an acid, the acidic solution (which has a low pH) had its pH increased as it because alkaline. 12 is the highest given pH, which just makes sense so just deal with it.

59
Q

MCQ: Metal reacts with HCl to produce a gas. What is used to identify this gas?

a) a glowing splint
b) a lighted splint
c) a damp blue litmus paper
d) limewater

A

b) a lighted splint

because Metal+Acid=Salt+Hydrogen Gas.
A lighted splint goes out with a pop when H2 is present.

60
Q

MCQ: Which element will burn in oxygen to form an acidic oxide?

a) calcium
b) carbon
c) iron
d) magnesium

A

b) carbon

Acidic oxides are nonmetal oxides which dissolve with water to form acids.
Nonmetal+oxygen=acidic oxide

As carbon is a nonmetal, it is going to react with O2 to form an acidic oxide (CO2)

61
Q

MCQ: Ammonia gas is produced when solid ammonium chloride is heated with:

a) calcium hydroxide
b) calcium sulphate
c) hydrochloric acid
d) magnesium nitrate

A

a) calcium hydroxide

Because ammonia gas is produced when an ALKALI reacts with ammonium salts. Solid ammonium chloride is an ammonium salt, so it reacts with calcium hydroxide, which is an alkali, to form NH3 (ammonia gas)

62
Q

MCQ: Why is ethanoic acid described as a weak acid?

a) it is only slightly ionised in water
b) it is a poor conductor of electricity
c) it is an organic acid
d) it reacts only with very reactive metals

A

a)It is only slightly ionised in water.

Weak acids have a high pH and they give away some or none of their H+ ions.

63
Q

MCQ: which of the following is a reaction of dilute sodium hydroxide?

a) it reacts with ammonium chloride to produce ammonia
b) it reacts w/calcium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide
c) it reacts with copper (II) sulphate to produce water
d) it reacts with universal indicator turning it red

A

a) it reacts with ammonium chloride to produce ammonia

Sodium hydroxide is an alkali, so it only reacts with either acids to form salt/water or ammonium to form ammonia gas.

IGCSE Chemistry (1 decks)

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