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Chemistry IGCSE > Acids, Bases and Salts > Flashcards

Acids, Bases and Salts Flashcards

1
Q

colour of phenolphtalein (pH1/4/9/13)

A

colourless/ colourless/ light pink/ pink

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2
Q

colour of methyl orange (pH1/4/9/13)

A

red/ orange/ yellow/ yellow

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3
Q

colour of blue litmus (pH1/4/9/13)

A

turns red/ stays blue

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4
Q

colour of red litmus (pH1/4/9/13)

A

stays red/ turns blue

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5
Q

classify pH levels

A

strongly acidic 0-3, weakly acidic 4-6, neutral 7, weakly alkaline 8-10, strongly alkaline 11-14

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6
Q

colour of universal indicator

A

red 0-3, orange/yellow 4-6, green 7, blue 8-10, purple 11-14

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7
Q

what do acids release in aqueous solutions

A

hydrogen ions

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8
Q

what do alkalis release in aqueous solutions

A

hydroxide ions

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9
Q

what can alkalis do?

A

neturalise acids and produce soluble salt and water (alkalis are a form of soluble base)

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10
Q

soluble salts

A

all common salts of sodium, potassium and ammonium; all nitrates; all common chlorides except silver chloride and lead chloride; all common sulphates except barium, calcium and lead sulphate; sodium, potassium and ammonium carbonate/hydroxide

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11
Q

what is slightly soluble?

A

calcium hydroxide

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12
Q

insoluble salts

A

silver and lead chloride, barium/ calcium/ lead sulphate, all carbonates/ hydroxides that aren’t sodium, potassium and ammonium

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13
Q

reactions of metal and acid

A

MASH (salt + hydrogen)
bubbling/fizzing -> metal dissolves

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14
Q

do all metals react with acids?

A

no, only metals that are more reactive than hydrogen react with acids

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15
Q

testing for hydrogen gas

A

hold a lit splint to it and it ignites with a squeaky pop

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16
Q

reactions of metal carbonates with acid

A

water + salt + carbon dioxide
1. metal carbonate dissolves
2. bubbles of carbon dioxide gas given off

17
Q

writing metal carbonate in symbol equation

A

[metal/ ammonium] CO3 (-2)

18
Q

testing for carbon dioxide

A
  1. bubble the gas through limewater
  2. if the limewater forms a white precipitate (turns cloudy), the gas is carbon dioxide
19
Q

examples of bases (insoluble)

A

metal oxides, metal hydroxides and ammonia

20
Q

what are alkalis

A

bases that are soluble in water

21
Q

how to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt starting from an insoluble reactant

A

acid + insoluble base -> salt + water
excess base method
1. warm up acid
2. mix in metal oxide until no more dissolves
3. filter out excess base
4. evaporate water in evaporating basin until crystals start to form
5. leave to cool and crystalize
6. filter out crystals and dry on filter base

22
Q

how to prepare a pure, dry sample of an insoluble salt starting from 2 soluble salts

A

[metal] nitrate + sodium [non-metal]/ [non-metal] chloride -> 1 soluble salt + 1 insoluble salt
precipitation
1. mix solutions of the metal nitrate and sodium or acid of the non-metal
2. filter out the liquid solution (soluble salt)
3. wash precipitate with distilled water
4. dry sample in warm oven

23
Q

state symbols for precipitation reactions

A

[metal] nitrate (aq) + sodium [non-metal]/ [non-metal] chloride (aq) -> 1 soluble salt (aq) + 1 insoluble salt (s)

24
Q

how to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt starting from two soluble reactants

A

acid + alkali -> soluble salt + water
titration
1. fill burette with alkali solution and measure initial volume
2. use pipette to transfer 25cm2 of sulfuric acid into conical flask and add a few drops of phenolphthalein
3. add sodium hydroxide solution into sulfuric acid and phenolphthalein solution until the phenolphthalein just turns pink
4. repeat with the same volume of reactants but without phenolphthalein indicator
5. boil off water from the solution formed in evaporating basin

25
Q

how to test for oxygen

A

hold a glowing splint to it and it reignites

26
Q

how to test for carbon dioxide

A
  1. bubble the gas through limewater
  2. the limewater forms a white precipitate (turns cloudy)
27
Q

what can be acted as bases? and what as alkali?

A

metal oxides, metal hydroxides and ammonia; alkalis are bases that are soluble in water (sodium, potassium, ammonium)

28
Q

type of reaction that occurs when an acid reacts with an alkali

A

neutralisation, forms salt and water

29
Q

what to do if a soluble salt gets mixed with other objects like glass

A
  1. add water to dissolve the salt
  2. warm the solution and stir
  3. filter
  4. heat to evaporate the water
30
Q

in the excess base method, why do we have to add an excess of the salt?

A

so all the acid reacts and is neturalised

31
Q

how to obtain a soluble salt from two soluble salts

A
  1. filter
  2. heat/ boil the solution
  3. evaporate some of the water
  4. leave to cool to crystalise
  5. filter//pour off excess liquid
  6. dry sample in warm oven

Chemistry IGCSE (3 decks)

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