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GCSE Chemistry > Acids, Bases and Salts > Flashcards

Acids, Bases and Salts Flashcards

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1
Q

What are ions?

A

atoms that lose or gain electrons,can be positively or negatively charged

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2
Q

what do acids + water produce?

A

hydrogen ions - H+

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3
Q

acid + water

A

acidic solution

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4
Q

base + water

A

alkaline solution

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5
Q

what is something called when its neither acidic or alkaline?

A

neutral (eg water or paraffin)

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6
Q

what are indicators?

A

substances that change colour when added to solutions - eg, universal indicator that changes colour to show pH level of a solution

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7
Q

Give HCl as an ion formation example.

A

H+(aq)+Cl-(aq)

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8
Q

Strong acids colour and number

A

1-4, red and orange

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9
Q

weak acids colour and number

A

4-6, yellow and green

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10
Q

neutral solution pH level

A

7

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11
Q

weak alkali number and color

A

8-10, blue

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12
Q

strong alkali number and colour

A

11-14, blue into purple

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13
Q

what do you get when you mix alkalis and water?

A

hydroxide ions, oH-

example - NaOH ——– Na+ + OH-

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14
Q

what are acids produced from?

A

non-metal oxides

example - sulphur oxides - sulphuric acid

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15
Q

what is a base?

A

the chemical opposite of an acid

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16
Q

what are bases that can dissolve in water called?

A

alkalis

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17
Q

what don’t metal oxides do?

A

dissolve in water

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18
Q

What is H+ + OH- ——– H2O an example of?

A

a neutralisation reaction

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19
Q

What are weak acids?

A

They do not fully dissociate in water (only around 1%)

eg - ethanoic acid - CH3COOH

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20
Q

What are strong acids?

A

They fully dissociate in water to produce the maximum number of H+ ions

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21
Q

Describe pH value of acids against reactivity.

A

pH values of strong acids are lower than that of weak acids, which explains why the rate of reaction of strong acids with substances is higher than that of weak acids.

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22
Q

What is a concentrated acid?

A

They have little to no water molecules mixed with the acid molecules, meaning the concentration of H+ ions is high.

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23
Q

What is a dilute acid?

A

Acid molecules mixed with a large amount of water, so that there is a low concentration of H+ ions.

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24
Q

What is a concentrated weak acid?

A

A lot present, but little of dissociated acid.

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25
Q

What is a concentrated strong acid?

A

A lot present with a lot of dissociation to form many hydrogen ions.

26
Q

What is a dilute weak acid?

A

A little acid present with little dissociation of acid.

27
Q

What is a dilute strong acid?

A

Little acid present with a high degree of dissocation.

28
Q

How do you make salts?

A

1 - add base to warm acid until no more will dissolve
2 - filter to obtain pure salt solution
3 - insoluable salts left behind
4 - heat solution with a bunsen burner
5 - solution evaporates, leaving crystallised solute

29
Q

What does acid + base make?

A

salt + water

30
Q

What does acid + metal carbonate make?

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

31
Q

Test for carbon dioxide?

A

Limewater test, if it turns cloudy.

32
Q

What is the acid test?

A

Add sodium carbonate to a solution, if CO2 bubbles come off, the solution is acidic.

33
Q

How do you test for the presence of carbonate ions?

A

Add sodium carbonate, if CO2 bubbles are produced, the ions are present.

34
Q

When is salt formed?

A

Salt is a compound by the neutralisation of an acid and base.

35
Q

How are salts named?

A

First part comes from the metal oxide, second part comes from the acid.

36
Q

Name of nitric acid in salt?

A

Nitrate NO3-

37
Q

Name of hydrochloric acid in salt?

A

Chloride Cl-

38
Q

Name of hydrochloric acid in salt?

A

Sulphate SO4 2-

39
Q

Test for hydrogen?

A

Causes bubbling during a reaction, squeaky pop in tube.

40
Q

What does an acid + metal make?

A

Salt + hydrogen

41
Q

The more reactive the metal…..

A

The faster the reaction

42
Q

How to make soluable salts?

A

Salt from acid + alkalis in a titration

43
Q

Method to making salt from a titration?

A

1 - use pipette and add 25cm3 of alkali to a conical flask
2 - add a few drops of indicator and put conical flask on a white tile
3 - fill the burette with acid, note starting volume
4 - slowly add acid to alkali, swirl to mix
5 - stop adding acid when colour changes, note final volume
6 - repeat steps using same volume of acid without indicator to obtain pure crystal of salt

44
Q

What does silver chloride appear as?

A

Tiny particles suspended in the solution, forms a precipitate, can be washed and then dried in an oven.

45
Q

What is the test for sulphate ions?

A

Mix barium chloride with a solution containing sulphate, a white precipitate forms

46
Q

Silver nitrate + sodium chloride

A

sodium nitrate + silver chloride

47
Q

Name soluable substances

A
  • all nitrates
  • all common sodium, potassium and ammonium salts
  • most common sulphates
  • most common chlorides
  • lithium, sodium, potassium and ammonium carbonates
48
Q

Name insoluable subtances

A
  • calcium sulphates, barium sulphates
  • silver chloride
  • most common carbonates
49
Q

How are insoluable salts made?

A

2 soluable salts needed to react together in a precipitation reaction.

50
Q

What does it mean for an acid and alkali have a 1:1 ratio

A

If 20cm3 acid is needed to neutralise 20cm3 alkli, it is likely the concentrations are the same.

51
Q

What is the titre?

A

The difference between the reading at the start and the final reading gives the volume of acid/alkali added.

52
Q

What degree of accuracy do titration results have to be within to be used?

A

0.2cm3

53
Q

What do you need to know to calculate the moles within a substance?

A

The volume and concentration

54
Q

How do you convert cm into dm

A

cm3/1000 = dm3

55
Q

How to work out concentration in mol/dm3

A

concentration in mol/dm3 = amount in mol/ volume in dm3

56
Q

How to find the amount of mol

A

amount = concentration x volume

57
Q

How to find volume

A

volume = amount/ concentration

58
Q

Rule of higher concentration in acids?

A

Reactant that requires the smaller volume has higher concentration

59
Q

How to find the concentration of an unknown solution

A

concentration of an unknown solution = volume of known solution/ volume of unknown solution x concentration of known solution

60
Q

What is the meniscus?

A

A curve in the surface of a molecular substance eg water, take measures from the bottom of the curve

61
Q

How do you work out the volume in a titration question

A

1) work out moles of known substance
2) look at balanced equations to work out moles in the other substance
3) use moles and the concentration to work out volume (moles/conc = vol)

62
Q

How do you work out the concentration in a titration question?

A

1) work out mols of known substance
2) look at balanced equations and work out moles in other substance
3) use moles and volume to work out concentration (mols/volume)

GCSE Chemistry (8 decks)

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