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Chemistry > Acids, Bases and Salts > Flashcards

Acids, Bases and Salts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an acid?

A

An acid is a compound which when dissolved in water yields hydronium ion [H3O+] as the only positively charged ions

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2
Q

Give the equation representing addition of an acid to water, and formation of hydronium cation

A

HCl (aq) ⇌ H+ + Cl-; H+ + H2O ⇌ H3O+

HCl + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + Cl-

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3
Q

What is a base?

A

A base is a compound which reacts with hydronium ions of an acid to give salt and water only

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4
Q

Give an equation representing reaction of a base with a hydronium ion of an acid

A

CuO + 2HCl -> CuCl2 + H2O

Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 -> CuSO4 + 2H2O

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5
Q

What is an alkali?

A

An alkali is a compound which when dissolved in water yields hydroxyl ions [OH-] as the only negatively charges ions

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6
Q

Give an equation representing the reaction of an alkali with water

A

NaOH [aq] ⇌ Na+ + OH- [Hydroxyl or hydroxide ion]

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7
Q

Is an alkali a base or an acid?

A

An alkali is a soluble base (in water)

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8
Q

Give examples of soluble bases (alkalis)

A

KOH, NaOH [strong alkalis], Ca (OH)2, NH4OH [weak alkalis], LiOH

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9
Q

Give an example of a strong alkali

A

NaOH

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10
Q

Give an example of a weak alkali

A

NH4OH

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11
Q

What are organic acids?

A

Acids derived from plants

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12
Q

Give examples of organic acids

A

Citric, oxalic, tartaric, acetic acid

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13
Q

What is an inorganic acid?

A

Acids derived from minerals [mineral acids]

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14
Q

Give examples of inorganic acids

A

HCl, H2SO4, HNO3

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15
Q

Name two acids on basis of source of acids

A
  1. Organic

2. Inorganic

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16
Q

Name two acids on basis of molecular composition

A
  1. Hydracids

2. Oxyacids

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17
Q

What are hydracids?

A

Acids containing hydrogen and a non-metallic element other than oxygen

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18
Q

Give examples of hydracids

A

HCl, HBr, HI

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19
Q

What are oxyacids?

A

Acids containing hydrogen, another element and oxygen

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20
Q

Give examples of oxyacids

A

HNO3, H2SO4

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21
Q

What does the strength of an acid depend on?

A

It depends on the concentration of hydronium ions present in an aqueous solution of an acid

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22
Q

What does the strength of an alkali depend on?

A

On the concentration of hydroxyl ions present in an aqueous solution of the alkali

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23
Q

What is a strong acid?

A

An acids which dissociates almost completely in aqueous solution thereby producing a high concentration of hydrogen [H+ ions] [or H3O+] ions

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24
Q

What does a strong acid contain?

A

Almost only ions

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25
Give two equations representing the dissociation of a strong acid
HNO3 + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + NO3- | H2SO4 + 2H2O ⇌ 2H3O+ + SO4 2-
26
What is a strong alkali?
It is an alkali which dissociates almost completely in aqueous solution thereby producing a high concentration of hydroxyl [OH-] ions
27
What does a strong alkali consist of?
Almost only ions (contains solute molecules in addition to water molecules)
28
Give two equations representing the dissociation of a strong alkali
NaOH [aq] ⇌ Na+ + OH- | KOH [aq] ⇌ K+ + OH-
29
Give examples of strong acids
Hydrochloric, Sulphuric and Nitric acid
30
Give examples of strong alkalis
Lithium, Sodium, Potassium hydroxide
31
What is a weak acid?
It an acid which dissociates only partially in aqueous solution thereby producing a low concentration of hydrogen [H+] ions [or H3O+ ions]
32
What is a weak alkali?
It is an alkali which dissociates only partially in aqueous solution thereby producing a low concentration of hydroxyl [OH-] ions
33
Give an equation representing the dissociation of a weak acid
CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COO- + H+
34
Give an equation representing the dissociation of a weak alkali
NH4OH [aq] ⇌ NH4+ + OH-
35
What does a weak acid consist of?
Molecules and ions
36
What does a weak alkali consist of?
Molecules and ions
37
Give examples of weak acids
Acetic, citric, carbonic, formic acid
38
Give examples of weak alkalis
Ammonium hydroxide and Calcium hydroxide
39
How are crystals of glacial acetic acid formed?
On cooling of anhydrous acetic acid
40
What is a concentrated acid?
It is an acid having a relatively high percentage of acid in its aqueous solution
41
What is a concentrated alkali?
It is an alkali having a relatively high percentage of alkali in its aq. solution
42
What is a dilute acid?
It is an acid having a relatively low percentage of acid in its aqueous solution
43
What is the concentration of acid in a dilute acid?
Less than 1 mole/litre
44
What is a dilute alkali?
It is an alkali having a relatively low percentage of alkali in its aq. solution
45
What is the concentration of alkali in a dilute alkali?
Less than 1 mole/litre
46
What is the basicity of acids?
The no. of hydrogen ions [H+] which can be produced per molecule of the acid in aq. soln. or the no. of hydroxyl ions with which one molecule of an acid combines
47
What is a monobasic acid?
It ionizes in aq. soln. to produce one hydrogen ion per molecule of the acid. Or contains one replaceable hydrogen ion per molecule of the acid
48
In how many steps do monobasic acids dissociate in aq. soln.?
In one step
49
Name the salts monobasic acids form
They form only one type of salt [normal salt]
50
Give examples of monobasic acids
HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH
51
How many hydrogen atoms does acetic acid have?
4, but it ionizes in aq. soln. to produce one hydrogen ion per molecule of the acid
52
What is a dibasic acid?
It ionizes in aq. soln. to produce two hydrogen ions per molecule of the acid. Or contains two replaceable hydrogen ions per molecule of the acid
53
In how many steps do dibasic acids dissociate?
Two steps
54
Name the types of salts dibasic acids form
2 types - acid and normal salt
55
Give examples of dibasic acids
H2SO3, H2SO4, H2CO3
56
What is a tribasic acid?
It ionizes in aq. soln. to produce three hydrogen ions per molecule of the acid. Or contains three replaceable hydrogen ions per molecule of the acid
57
In how many steps do tribasic acids dissociate?
Three steps
58
Name the types of salts tribasic acids form
Three salts - two acid, one normal - have three replaceable hydrogen atoms
59
Name a normal salt
Trisodium phosphate
60
What is the acidity of bases?
The no. of hydroxyl ions [OH-] which can be produced per molecule of the base in aq. soln. or the no. of hydrogen ions with which a molecule of a base combines
61
What is a monoacidic base?
It ionizes in aq. soln. to produce one hydroxyl ion per molecule of the base or contains one replaceable hydroxyl ion per molecule of the base [if water soluble]
62
In how many steps does a monoacidic base dissociate?
In one step
63
Give examples of monoacidic bases
NaOH, KOH, NH4OH
64
What is a diacidic base?
It ionizes in aq. soln. to produce two hydroxyl ions per molecule of the base or contains two replaceable hydroxyl ions per molecule of the base [if water soluble]
65
In how many steps does a diacidic base dissociate?
One step
66
Give examples of diacidic bases
Ca(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, Cu(OH)2
67
What is a triacidic base?
It ionizes in aq. soln. to produce three hydroxyl ions per molecule of the base or contains three replaceable hydroxyl ions per molecule of the base [if water soluble]
68
In how many steps does a triacidic base dissociate?
One step
69
Give examples of triacidic bases
Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3 [water insoluble]
70
What is the Arrhenius theory?
Acids are substances which dissociate in aqueous solution to give H+ ions. Strong acids dissociate almost completely, while weak acids dissociate partially
71
What is Lowry-Bronsted's theory?
Acids are proton donors. Bases are proton acceptors | ]proton = H+].
72
How does water exhibit charge separation?
The H atom of water carries a slight positive charge and the O atom, a slight negative charge
73
How many lone pairs of electrons does oxygen atom have in water?
Oxygen atom has two lone pairs of electrons not shared with any other atom
74
How does the formation of H3O+ ion come about from acid in aq. soln.?
1. A proton (H+ ion) released from HCl adds on to the lone pair of electrons of oxygen atom of water molecule. 2. The H1+ ion accepts the lone pair of electrons forming a coordinate covalent bond
75
Why does the H+ proton released from HCl add on to the lone pair of electrons of the oxygen atom of the water molecule?
Oxygen atom in H2O has a slight negative charge
76
What is a coordinate covalent bond?
The bond formed between the atom of a polar covalent molecule with lone pair of electrons and an ion which accepts the lone pair of electrons
77
How does the formation of OH- ion come about from alkalis in aq. soln.?
1. A proton (H+ ion) released from water adds on the lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen atom of the ammonia molecule 2. The H+ ion accepts the lone pair of electrons forming a coordinate covalent bond
78
How many lone pairs of electron does nitrogen in ammonia have?
1 lone pair
79
Why does the H+ ion released from water add on to the lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen atom of ammonia molecule?
Nitrogen atom of ammonia molecule has a slight negative charge
80
Name the ways acids are prepared
1. From Non-Metals 2. From Acidic Oxides 3. From Salts 4. By oxidation of non-metals
81
How are acids prepared from non-metals?
Reaction of non-metals with hydrogen gives an acid | Hydrogen + Non-metal -> Acid
82
Give equations to show the preparation of acids from non-metals
H2 + Cl2 -> 2HCl | H2 + I2 -> 2HI
83
How are acids prepared from acidic oxides?
Acidic oxides dissolve in water to give an acid | Acidic Oxide + Water -> Acid
84
Give equations to show the preparation of acids from acidic oxides
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 (carbonic) SO2 + H2O -> H2SO3 (sulphurous) SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4 (sulphuric) P2O5 + 3H2O -> 2H3PO4 (phosphoric)
85
Name the acidic oxides used to prepare acids
Carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, Sulphur trioxide, Phosphorous pentoxide
86
Which oxides do not produce an acid when made to react with water?
Neutral oxides - Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitric oxide (NO)
87
How are acids prepared from salts?
Non-volatile acids on heating with salts of more volatile acids, displace the volatile acid Normal salt + Sulphuric acid (conc.) -> Acid salt + Displaced volatile acid
88
Give equations to show the preparation of acids from salts
KNO3 + H2SO4 -> (<200 C) KHSO4 (Potassium bisulfate)+ HNO3 NaCl + H2SO4 -> (<200 C) NaHSO4 (Sodium bisulfate) + HCl
89
Name two volatile acids
Hydrochloric, Nitric
90
Name two acid salts
Potassium bisulfate, Sodium bisulfate
91
How are acids prepared from oxidation of nonmetals?
Non-metal is oxidised by conc. acid to give an acid | Sulphur + Nitric Acid -> Sulphuric acid + water + nitrogen dioxide
92
Give an equation to show the preparation of acids by oxidation of non-metals
S + 6HNO3 -> H2SO4 + 2H2O + 6NO2
93
What is the nature of acidic oxides?
Non-metallic
94
How are acidic oxides formed?
On reaction of non metal with oxygen
95
Name the ways to prepare bases
1. From Metals 2. From Basic Oxides 3. From Salts 4. By Decomposition of salts 6. By Active Metals
96
How are bases prepared from metals?
Reaction of a metal with oxygen gives a base (basic oxide) | Metal + Oxygen -> Basic Oxide
97
Give equations to show the preparation of bases from metals
4Na + O2 -> 2Na2O (sodium oxide) | 2Mg + O2 -> 2MgO (magnesium oxide)
98
How are bases prepared from basic oxides?
Basic oxides (soluble) dissolve in water to give a base (alkali)
99
Give equations to show the preparation of bases from basic oxides
K2O + H2O -> 2KOH | Na2O + H2O -> 2NaOH
100
How are bases prepared from active metals?
Active metals react with water to give a base (alkali)
101
Give equations to show the preparation of bases from active metals
2K + 2H2O -> 2KOH + H2 | 2Na + 2H2O -> 2NaOH + H2
102
How are bases prepared from salts?
Aqueous solutions of salts with a strong base precipitates the base (metallic hydroxide) Salt soln. + Base (alkali) -> Normal salt + Precipitated basic hydroxide
103
Give equations to show the preparation of bases from salts
AlCl3 + 3NaOH -> 3NaCl + Al(OH)3 ↓ | FeSO4 + 2NaOH -> Na2SO4 + Fe(OH)2 ↓
104
How are bases prepared by decomposition of salts?
Heat on certain carbonates or nitrates gives a base [basic oxide] Lead nitrate -> Lead oxide + nitrogen dioxide + oxygen
105
Give equations to show the preparation of bases by decomposition of salts
Lead nitrate -> Lead oxide + nitrogen dioxide + oxygen | 2Pb (NO3)2 -> 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
106
Name some basic oxides
Na2O, 2MgO, K2O, PbO | Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Lead Oxides
107
Give the physical properties of acids
1. Sour in taste in aqueous solution 2. Mineral acids [HCl, HNO3, H2SO4] - highly corrosive 3. Indicators - Turns blue (purple) litmus red
108
Give the physical properties of bases
1. Bitter in taste in aq. soln. 2. Caustic alkalis [KOH, NaOH] - highly corrosive 3. Indicators - Turns red litmus blue
109
Give the chemical properties of acids
1. Acids neutralize bases to give salt and water only 2. Acids react with active metals to liberate hydrogen 3. The less volatile acid displaces the more volatile on heating with salt
110
Give examples of neutralization reactions
1. CuO + H2SO4 -> CuSO4 + H2O | 2. NaOH + HCl -> NaCl + H2O
111
Give example of reactions of acids (dil.) with active metals
Zn + 2HCl -> ZnCl2 + H2
112
How is nitric acid formed on heating a more volatile acid with salt?
NaNO3 (salt) + H2SO4 (conc.) -> (<200 C) NaHSO4 (salt) + HNO3
113
When is unstable H2CO3 formed?
2NaHCO3 + H2SO4 (dil.) -> Na2SO4 + (2H2O + 2CO2) | Na2CO3 + 2HCl (dil.) -> 2NACl + (H2O + CO2)
114
Give chemical properties of bases
1. Alkalis react with ammonium salts on heating to liberate ammonia 2. A less volatile base displaces the more volatile base 3. Alkalis react with certain metallic salt solutions to precipitate insoluble hydroxides
115
Define neutralizatoin
The process due to which [H+] ions of an acid react completely or combine with [OH-] ions of a base to give salt and water only
116
What happens during neutralization (detail)?
The hydrogen ion [H+] or proton from the acid is neutralized by the hydroxyl ions [OH-] from the alkali to form a water molecule [H2O]. Thus HCl donates a H+ ion to the OH- ion of NaOH which accepts the proton forming water
117
What is heat of neutralization?
The amount of heat liberated when 1 gram equivalent of an acid or a base is completely neutralized
118
Which acid is used in eye wash?
Boric acid
119
Which acid is used in food preservation?
Citric acid
120
Which acid is used in ink stain remover??
Oxalic acid
121
Which acid is used in flavoring drinks?
Carbonic acid
122
Which acid is used in baking powder?
Tartaric acid
123
Which acid is used incooking?
Acetic acid (vinegar)
124
Which acid is used in pickling of metals?
HCl
125
Which base is used in manufacture of soaps?
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
126
Which base is used in manufacture of bleaching powder?
Calcium hydroxide
127
Which base is used as an antacid?
Magnesium hydroxide
128
Which base is used in fire extinguishers?
Aluminium hydroxide
129
Which base is used in softening water?
Calcium hydroxide
130
Which base is used in removing grease stains from clothes?
Ammonium hydroxide
131
What is the function of an antacid?
To neutralize acidity
132
Name the two uses of CaOH
1. Manufacture of bleaching powder | 2. In softening water
133
What is the pH of anything acidic in nature?
less than 5.6
134
What is acid rain?
It refers to rain or any precipitation which is acidic in nature
135
What is acid rain a mixture of?
It is generally a complex mixture of sulphuric acid [H2SO4] along with sulphurous acid [H2SO3] & nitric acid [HNO3] along with nitrous acid [HNO2]
136
What causes acid rain?
Atmospheric pollutants - mainly sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
137
What is the impact of acid rain?
1. It depletes the soil of nutrients 2. Increases the acidity of the soil 3. Reduces the fertility of the soil 4. Destroys marine life due to change in pH of envnt. 5. Causes material damage
138
When is 2NO formed?
At high temperatures, which are achieved during - 1. lightning discharge in the atmosphere 2. operation of internal combustion engines
139
How are nitrous and nitric acids formed?
NO2 reacts with water vapour forming these acids H2O + 2NO2 -> HNO2 + HNO3 [2H2O + 4NO2 + O2 -> 4HNO3]
140
What are indicators?
Weak organic compounds (acids or bases) which change color in accordance with the pH of the solution
141
What do indicators produce on dissociating slightly in solution?
Ions and undissociated molecules
142
What is the color of the ions produced dependent on?
Hydrogen ion concentration or pH of the medium
143
Define pH
The negative logarithm (to the base 100 of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in moles/litre
144
What is the pH of pure water?
7 ( [H+ aq.] = [OH-] )
145
Give the value of pH
pH = -log ↓10 H+
146
What does the pH value represent?
The strength of acids and alkalis expressed in terms of hydrogen ion concentration [H+ aq.]
147
What does pure water yield on ionization?
Equal no. of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions
148
What is the conc. of H+ ions and OH- ions equal to?
both equal to 10^-7 mol. dm^-3 [at 25 C]
149
What is the ionic product of water?
Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 10^-7 * 10^-7 = 10^-14 [at 25 C]
150
What happens to the H+ and OH- conc. of an aq. medium when an acid is added to it?
The H+ ion conc. increases to above 10^-7 and at the same time, the OH- ion conc. decreases to below 10^-7
151
What is the pH of an acidic medium?
Less than 7 ([H+ aq.] more than [OH-])
152
What is the pH of a basic medium?
More than 7 ( [OH-] more than [H+ aq.] )
153
Name some common acid-base indicators
1. Litmus 2. Methyl orange 3. Phenolphthalein
154
What are universal indicators?
Universal indicators are mixtures of organic dyes or mixed indicators
155
Name some common universal indicators
pH paper or solution
156
What is an acid-base indicator used for?
Indicating whether a solution is acidic or alkaline
157
What can an acid-base indicator not be used for?
For determining the strength of the acidic or alkaline soln.
158
What can an acid-base indicator not differentiate between?
Acidic or basic solutions of different pH values, since they change their colors abruptly at a certain pH value
159
When does methyl-orange change color abruptly?
At pH 3-4
160
What can a universal indicator indicate?
The strength or pH range of the acidic or alkaline soln.
161
What are the utilities of a universal indicator not possessed by an acid-base indicator?
1. It can determine the strength of acidic or alkaline solutions 2. It can differentiate between acidic or basic solutions of different pH values, by giving different colors with different pH values
162
When does color change from blue to indigo to violet?
between pH 7-14
163
How is a litmus indicator obtained?
It is a natural coloring matter obtained from certain lichens
164
How is a litmus soln. prepared?
By dissolving 0.5 g of litmus in 1 litre of distilled water and filtering
165
What color is litmus when substance is NAA?
Purple - Neutral, Red - Acidic, Blue - Alkaline
166
What color is methyl orange when substance is NAA?
Orange - Neutral, Pink - Acidic, Yellow - Alkaline
167
What color is phenolphthalein when substance is NAA?
Colourless - Neutral, Colorless - Acidic, Pink - Alkaline
168
What color is phenolphthalein (alkaline) when substance is NAA?
Pink - Neutral, Colorless - Acidic, Pink - Alkaline
169
What is the color in the PH range from 0-7?
Red, orange, yellow, green Reddish orange for strongly acidic Yellowish green for weakly acidic
170
What is the color in the PH range for 7?
Green
171
What is the color in the PH range from 7-14?
Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet Greenish Blue when weakly alkaline Violet when strongly alkaline
172
What is the utility of indicators in agriculture?
The pH of the soil is tested for better growth of crops
173
What type of medium do citrus fruits need?
Slightly alkaline soil
174
What type of medium does rice need?
An acidic medium
175
What type of medium does sugarcane need?
A neutral medium
176
What is the utility of indicators in dairies?
A change in pH of milk - from pH 6.6 indicates that the milk has turned sour
177
What is the utility of indicators in technology?
Bio-chemical and organic reactions are carried out under controlled pH
178
What is the utility of indicators in medicine?
pH values of urine and blood are taken for diagnosis of various diseases
179
What is the pH value of human blood?
7.3
180
What is the pH value of sea water?
8.5
181
What is the pH value of grapes (tartaric acid)?
3.5
182
What is the pH value of lactic acid (milk)?
6.6
183
What is the pH value of vinegar (acetic acid)?
2.9
184
Name some acidic solutions
1. Dil. HCl 2. Dil. H2SO4 3. Acetic acid 4. Tartaric acid 5. Lactic acid
185
Name some alkaline solutions
1. Human blood 2. Albumin 3. Sea water 4. Ammonium Hydroxide 5. Sodium hydroxide
186
What is a salt?
It is a compound formed by partial or complete replacement of the replaceable (ionizable) hydrogen ion of an acid by a metallic ion or ammonium ion (basic radical)
187
What does salt yield on dissociation?
A positive ion (other than a hydrogen ion [H+] & a negative ion other than hydroxyl ion [OH-]
188
What is an acid salt?
The salt formed by partial replacement of the replaceable hydrogen ion of an acid molecule by a basic radical (metallic or ammonium ion)
189
How is an acid salt prepared?
Formed when the amount of base taken is insufficient for complete neutralization of an acid by a base
190
What does an acid salt exhibit?
All properties of an acid in solution - ionizes to give H+/ H3O+ ions
191
What is a normal salt?
The salt formed by complete replacement of the replaceable hydrogen ion of an acid molecule by a basic radical (metallic or ammonium ion)
192
How is a normal salt prepared?
Formed when the amount of base taken is sufficient or in excess for complete neutralization of an acid by a base
193
What does a normal salt exhibit?
Not the properties of an acid in solution
194
How is a basic salt formed?
By partial replacement of hydroxyl radicals of a diacidic or triacidic base with an acid radical
195
What does a basic salt contain?
``` A cation (metallic), a hydroxyl ion (of a base), an anion (of an acid) ```
196
How is a double salt formed?
Formed by mixing saturated solutions of two simple salts followed by crystallization of the saturated soln.
197
What does a double salt consist of?
A mixture of two simple salts (chemically combined)
198
Give examples of double salts
1. Alum (potash alum) | 2. Ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr's salt)
199
What is a mixed salt?
Contains 2 or more basic radicals or acid radicals
200
Give examples of a mixed salt
1. Sodium potassium carbonate | 2. Bleaching powder
201
How is a complex salt formed?
Formed by mixing saturated solutions of simple salts followed by crystallization of the saturated solutions
202
What does a complex salt consist of?
A simple ion and a complex ion (formed on dissociation)
203
Give examples of complex salts
1. Potassium mercuric iodide 2. Sodium silver cyanide 3. Sodium zincate 3. Tetrammine copper [II] sulphate
204
What is Nesseler's Reagent for testing Ammonia gas?
Potassium mercuric iodide
205
What is used as an electrolyte in the electroplating of silver?
Sodium silver cyanide

Chemistry (4 decks)

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