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Nat 5 Chemistry > Acids, Bases and Rates of Reaction > Flashcards

Acids, Bases and Rates of Reaction Flashcards

Chemical Changes & Structures

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1
Q

What is the rate of a reaction?

A

The rate of a reaction is how fast the reaction takes place.

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2
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

A chemical reaction is a change in which a new substance is formed.

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3
Q

How can you tell that a reaction is taking place?

A
  • Effervescence
  • Colour change
  • Temperature change
  • Precipitation
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4
Q

The rate of a reaction can be increased by…

A
  • Increasing the temperature.
  • Increasing the concentration of the reactant.
  • Decreasing the particle size of the reactant.
  • Adding a catalyst
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5
Q

What happens during a reaction?

A

During a reaction, particles collide to combine and produce new products.

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6
Q

What is surface area in a reaction?

A

In a reaction, surface area refers to how spread out the particles are (eg. a powder has high surface area, whereas a stone has low surface area).

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7
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A catalyst is a substance that is used to speed up [or slow down] the rate of a reaction without affecting the end result or getting affected itself.

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8
Q

What is the formula to calculate the rate of a reaction?

A 
Rate = Change in Quantity/Change in Time 
R = ΔQ/ΔT
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9
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

An exothermic reaction is one in which heat is given out. Eg. Burning anything.

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10
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

An endothermic reaction is one in which heat is absorbed.

Eg. Making ammonia fertilizers.

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11
Q

How many hexillions are in 1 mole?

A

1 mole = 602 hexillions

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12
Q

What is the Gram Formula Mass?

A

The GFM is the weight of 1 mole of that substance.

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13
Q

What is the moles, mass and GFM formula?

A

n = m/GFM where n is the number of moles and m is the mass of the substance.

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14
Q

What is concentration?

A

The number of particles in a set volume.

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15
Q

What is the moles, concentration and volume formula?

A

n = CV where n is the number of moles, C is the concentration and V is the volume.

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16
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

A number scale used to measure whether the solution of a substance dissolved in water is:
- acidic
- alkaline
- or neutral.
It also tells us how acidic or alkaline a solution is.

17
Q

How can the pH level be measured?

A

pH paper, universal indicator, pH meter - electronic device.

18
Q

What are the effects of diluting:

a) an acid?
b) an alkali? [with water]

A

a) pH increases to 7

b) pH decreases to 7.

19
Q

What are bases?

A

Bases are substances that release hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution. They neutralize acidic solutions.

20
Q

What is an alkali?

A

A base that is soluble in water.

21
Q

What are acids?

A

Acids are substances which release hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. They neutralize basic/alkaline solutions.

22
Q

Where does acid rain come from?

A
  • Carbon dioxide.
  • Nitrogen dioxide [emissions from car exhausts].
  • Sulphur dioxide [emissions from burning coal].
    Acid rain can occur naturally but can also come from burning fossil fuels.
23
Q

What are the damages of acid rain?

A
  • Attacks limestone buildings.
  • Destroys trees or plants.
  • Makes soil acidic.
  • Contaminates lakes and rivers, killing aquatic life.
24
Q

What is are indicators?

A

Substances that show the pH of a solution.

25
Q

What are the different colour changes for indicators with respect to acids and bases?

A

Litmus: Acid - Red, Base - Blue.
Phenolphthalein: Acid - Colourless, Base - Pink.
Methyl Orange: Acid - Pink, Base - Orange.
Thymol Blue: Acid - Yellow, Base - Blue.

26
Q

What are spectator ions?

A

Ions which are present during a reaction but do not take part in the reaction.

27
Q

What is a neutralisation reaction?

A

A reaction in which an acid and an alkali cancel each other out and react to give a salt and water as products.

28
Q

What is titration?

A

A practical method used to work out the unknown concentration of an acid or alkali by neutralising it with an acid or alkali of a known concentration.

29
Q

What is a strong acid/alkali?

A

One that dissociates completely into ions in a solution.

30
Q

What is a weak acid or alkali?

A

One that dissociates only partially into ions in a solution.

31
Q

How is the pH of a salt solution determined?

A

By the strength of the parent acid and base.

32
Q

What is the concentration-pH formula?

A

If the concentration of H+ ions is expressed in the form of 10^a, then pH = -1*a

Nat 5 Chemistry (3 decks)

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