Acids, Bases, And Buffers

Question 1

Reactants combine to give __________.

Answer 1

Products

Question 2

Products can fall apart to give ____________.

Answer 2

Reactants

Question 3

___________ ____________ is the process of reactants combining to yield products and products breaking apart to yield reactants.

Answer 3

Dynamic equilibrium

Question 4

When a system is a state of dynamic equilibrium is disturbed it will react to reestablish the equilibrium condition, this is called ______________________.

Answer 4

Le Chatelier’s principle

Question 5

When is a system in a state of equilibrium?

Answer 5

When there is a balance between reactants and products.

Question 6

What is balance defined by?

Answer 6

Thermodynamics

Question 7

As the equilibrium constant (K) increases, the reaction favors _________, as K decreases, the reaction favors ________ ________.

Answer 7

Products, starting materials.

Question 8

If you add products, the equilibrium will shift towards __________.

Answer 8

Reactants

Question 9

If you remove products, the equilibrium will shift toward ________.

Answer 9

Products

Question 10

An acid is a proton ________.

Answer 10

Donor

Question 11

A base is a proton _________.

Answer 11

Acceptor

Question 12

When an acid donates a proton, it is converted into its __________ _____.

Answer 12

Conjugate base.

Question 13

When a base accepts a proton, it is converted into its __________ _____.

Answer 13

Conjugate acid

Question 14

An ______________ _______ can behave as either an acid or a base.

Answer 14

Amphoteric species

Question 15

H20 is an _______ ____.

Answer 15

Amphoteric species

Question 16

The stronger the acid, the _______ the conjugate base.

The weaker the acid, the _______ the conjugate base.

Answer 16

Weaker

Stronger

Question 17

A stronger acid is more determined to…

A stronger base is more determined to…

Answer 17

• give its proton to some base

- take a proton from some acid

Question 18

Strong bases are _______ _____ _________.

Answer 18

Soluble ionic hydroxides

Question 19

When a strong base dissolves in water…

Answer 19

It essentially all dissociates to ions.

Question 20

Weak acids do or do not ionize 100% in water?

Answer 20

Do not (they establish equilibrium)

Question 21

Weak bases establish equilibrium by ….

Answer 21

Accepting a proton from water.

Question 22

The buffer in a solution …

Answer 22

Resists changes in pH

Question 23

Buffers contain a _____ ______ and a _______ _____.

Answer 23

Weak acid, conjugate base

Question 24

What equation is used to determine the ration of weak acid to its conjugate base at a given pH?

Answer 24

Henderson-Hasselbach

Question 25

When the concentration of a weak acid and its conjugate base are equal, the pH is equal to ....

Answer 25

The pKa (Ka weak acids)

Question 26

Nonionized drugs are _______ ________ and easily...

Answer 26

Lipid soluble, penetrate the blood/placental barriers.

Question 27

The ionized form of a drug is...

Answer 27

Water soluble (hydrophilic)

Question 28

The degree of ionization or nonionization determines ...

Answer 28

Drug effectiveness.

Question 29

What are the 3 steps of determination?

Answer 29

- 1 Is drug a weak acid or weak base? - 2 What is pKa of drug? (reference) - 3 pH target of solution (body)

Question 30

Weak acids become _____ nonionized as pH falls.

Answer 30

More (H+ increases) *Acid + Acid = nonionized*

Question 31

Weak acids unite with _______ charged ions.

Answer 31

Positively (Na+, Mg++, Ca++)

Question 32

What are salt drugs?

Answer 32

Na+, Mg++, Ca++

Question 33

Recognize a salt drug as the base form of a...

Answer 33

Weak acid. (Sodium pentobarbital)

Question 34

Weak bases become _____ unionized as pH >.

Answer 34

More (H+ decreases) Base + Base = nonionized

Question 35

Weak bases unite with _____ charged ions.

Answer 35

Negatively (Cl- SO4^2-)

Question 36

If you recognize “drug” chloride, “drug” sulfate, they are the salt form of a

Answer 36

Weak base (lidocaine hydrochloride, morphine sulfate)

Question 37

The ___________ drug penetrates the BBB and placental barrier.

Answer 37

Nonionized

Question 38

The ___ the nonionized portion of the drug, the ___ the transfer to brain and fetus.

Answer 38

>,>

Question 39

3 Weak Acid Drugs:

Answer 39

- Thiopental - Barbiturates - Propofol??

Question 40

4 Weak Base Drugs:

Answer 40

- Lidocaine (locals) - Morphine (opioids) - Versed (benzos) - Propofol??

Question 41

The pH of the fetus is _____ than maternal pH

Answer 41

Lower

Question 42

The circulating nonionized drug does or does not cross the placental barrier?

Answer 42

Does