Acids/Bases Flashcards
What is the Bronsted-Lowry model?
- states that acids are proton donators / bases are proton acceptors
Monoprotic - dones one H
Polyprotic - donates multiple H
- can be diprotic or triprotic
- the likelihood of H + donation at each stage decreases as the acids become weaker
What are conjugate acids and bases?
Conjugate base:
- the product formed from an acid that has donated a proton (H+)
Conjugate acid:
- the product formed from a base that has accepted a proton (H+)
Acid and conjugate base –> conjugate pairs
Whar are amphiprotic substances?
- substances that act as both a base and acid, meaning they can donate and accept protons
- e.g water
Strong vs Weak acids
Strong acids:
- completely ionise in a solution, meaning they readily donate their H+
- HCl, H2SO4
Weak acids:
- do not completely ionise in a solution
- CH3COOH
Strong vs Weak Bases
The strength of a base depends on its ability to accept H+ and therefore ionise
Strong:
- readily accept H+ from acids during a reaction
- NaOH, KOH
Weak:
- don’t readily accept H+ from acids
- NH3
Strenght vs Conc.
Concentration:
- measures the number of molecules, both ionised and unionised, in a given volume
Strength:
- measures the percentage of molecules that ionise
How does water self-ionise?
- it self-ionises to form hydronium (H30+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions
- H20 + H2O –> H3O(+) + OH(-)
what is the ionisation constant?
- represents the product of the ions H3O and OH when water self-ionises
- the Kw value is constant, meaning any changes in the conc. of either ion means fluctuation in the conc of the other ion
Kw = [H3O+] [OH-] = 10^-14 at 25C
What is pH and how is it calculated
- it measures the acidity of the solution
pH = - log [H3O+]
or
[H3O+] = 10^-pH
What is the acid disassociation constant?
- Ka is a measure of the substances ability to reversibly disssociate in a solution
- can determine the extent of the disassociation of acids at a particular temp at eq.
Ka = [H3O+] [A-] / [HA]
What is the base dissociation constant?
- Kb measures the ability of a base to dissociate
Kb = [BH+] [OH-] / [B]
Strength based on Ka/Kb
- strong acids have a high Ka / weak acids have a low Ka
- strong bases have a large Kb / weak bases have a low Kb
What are buffers?
- solutions that can resist a slight change in pH when an acid/base is added to a solution
- they work by neutralising the acid/base added
Made from weak conjugate pairs
- weak acid and/or salt containing the conjugate base
- weak base and/or salt containing the conjugate acid
What salt is primarily used?
- salt is used as a sodium-based salt due to the solubility of sodium
What occurs when a base is added with a buffer?
- the [OH-] ions react with the weak acids to form water and the conjugate base
- prevents pH from changing too much
- favours the forward reaction and shifts eq. to the right