Acids and Bases

Question 1

What is the name of this strong acid?

HClO₄ (aq)

Answer 1

perchloric acid

Question 2

What is the name of this strong acid?

HCl (aq)

Answer 2

hydrochloric acid

Question 3

What is the name of this strong acid?

HBr (aq)

Answer 3

hydrobromic acid

Question 4

What is the name of this strong acid?

HI (aq)

Answer 4

hydroiodic acid

aka hydriodic acid

Question 5

What is the name of this strong acid?

HNO₃ (aq)

Answer 5

nitric acid

Question 6

What is the name of this strong acid?

H₂SO₄ (aq)

Answer 6

sulfuric acid

Question 7

What is a strong acid, and what does it do in water?

Answer 7

• Strong electrolyte that completely dissociates in water. (6 of them, PCBINS.)
• If you see a strong acid, break it up into ions. Step by step if multiprotic.
• Driving force is strong, just a forward reaction.
  
  • This is what an ionization reaction looks like for H₂SO₄ (aq).

H₂SO₄ (aq) –> H+ (aq) + HSO₄- (aq)

HSO₄- –> H+ (aq) + SO₄^2- (aq)

Overall reaction: H₂SO₄ –> 2H+ (aq) + SO₄^2- (aq)

Question 8

What is a strong base?

Answer 8

• Soluble metal hydroxides.
• Completely dissociate in water.
• 8 of them. (5 in Group 1A starting with Lithium, 3 in Group 2A starting with Calcium).
  
  • Lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide
  • Calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, barium hydroxide

Question 9

Name this strong base

LiOH

Answer 9

lithium hydroxide

Question 10

Name this strong base

NaOH

Answer 10

sodium hydroxide

Question 11

Name this strong base

KOH

Answer 11

potassium hydroxide

Question 12

Name this strong base

RbOH

Answer 12

rubidium hydroxide

Question 13

Name this strong base

CsOH

Answer 13

cesium hydroxide

Question 14

Name this strong base

Ca(OH)₂

_{(has a 2 because group IIA)}

Answer 14

calcium hydroxide

Question 15

Name this strong base

Sr(OH)₂

_{​(has a 2 because group IIA)​}

Answer 15

strontium hydroxide

Question 16

Name this strong base

Ba(OH)₂

_{​(has a 2 because group IIA)}

Answer 16

barium hydroxide

Question 17

What are the six strong acids?

Answer 17

Hint: PCBINS

Perchloric: HCLO₄

Hydrochloric: HCL

Hydrobromic: HBR

Hydroiodic: HI

Nitric: HNO₃

Sulfuric: H₂SO₄

Question 18

What are the 8 strong bases?

Answer 18

• Metal hydroxides.
• Hint: 5 in Group 1A, 3 in Group IIA.
• Sodium hydroxide NaOH is especially popular because it is cheap and soluble.

Question 19

What are weak acids?

Answer 19

• They only partially dissociate.
• Write them as molecules.
• Driving force for a weak acid is weak. Put double arrow ⇄
• What you get if you fully protonate acetate, carbonate, phosphate, and flouride.
  
  • Hint: Actually Can Protonate Further.
  • Acetic, Carbonic, Phosphoric, hydroFluoric
• Consider anything that isn’t a strong acid a weak acid

Question 20

What are weak bases?

Answer 20

• The only weak base we need to know is ammonia, NH₃.
• Double arrows ⇄
• NH₃ (aq) + H₂O (l) <==> NH₄+ (aq) + OH¯ (aq)

Question 21

How do you name binary acids?

(Binary acid = hydrogen combined with a second nonmetallic element.)

Answer 21

• “hydro”-nonmetal stem-“ic” acid
  
  • Nonmetal stems: fluor, chlor, brom, iod etc
  • Examples:
    • hydriodic acid: HI (strong)

hydrobromic acid: HBr (strong)

hydrochloric acid: HCl (strong)

    * hydrofluoric acid: HF (weak)
    * hydrosulfuric acid: H<sub>2</sub>S (weak) * Hint: acids containing ions ending with ide often become hydro----ic acid.

Question 22

What are oxoacids and how do you name them?

Answer 22

• They have H + O + something else
• Suffix depends on #O atoms. The acid corresponds with the polyatomic anion.
• Acids containing ions ending with ate become -ic acid. Acids containing ions ending with ite usually become -ous acid.
  
  • Ate with ic, ite with ous. (Hint: Attic.)
  • If you have one fewer or one more, add prefix hypo (lowest #) or per (the most).

Question 23

What are acid salts, and how do you name them?

Answer 23

• Forms if an acid and a base are not fully neutralized, not 1:1.
• They are the salts of an acid and base that didn’t fully neutralize (ex: weak acid, strong base). They are neutral and have a cation that is not hydrgogen, but they also have a hydrogen they could give. (Ex: NaHCO₃)
• Name acid salts based on how many hydrogens there are that could still be neutralized. Ex:
  
  • NaHCO₃ sodium hydrogen carbonate (also known as sodium bicarbonate)

NaHSO₃ sodium hydrogen sulfite (also known as sodium bisulfite)

KH₂PO₄ potassium dihydrogen phosphate

* When they dissociate, the first step will be one arrow. Second step double arrows, because the next part is weak.

Question 24

What is the acid-base behavior of oxides?

Answer 24

• Nonmetal oxides can be acids
  
  • ex: CO₂ combined with water is carbonic acid. CO₂(aq) + H₂O(s) → H₂CO₃ (aq)
• Metal oxides combined with water are bases
  
  • CaO(s) + H₂O(s) → Ca(OH)₂(aq)

Question 25

What happens when a STRONG ACID reacts with a STRONG BASE?

Answer 25

• Formation of water and a salt
• Ex: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
  • Net ionic equation: H⁺(aq) + OH^-(aq) –> H₂O.
    • Formation of water is a strong driving force, single arrow
    • Neutral solution if 1:1 ratio of moles

Question 26

What happens when a STRONG ACID reacts with a WEAK BASE?

Answer 26

• Resulting solution is slightly acidic, with slightly acidic salt.
• Always think of a strong acid reacting with the weak base Ammonia. It is a proton transfer.
• The driving force is to create molecule. Ex:

Molecular: HNO₃ (aq) + NH₃ (aq) –> NH₄NO₃ (aq) (which is a salt)

Full ionic: H+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + NH3 (aq) –> NH4+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)

Net ionic: H+ (aq) + NH₃(aq) –> NH₄+ (aq)

Question 27

What happens when a WEAK ACID reacts with a STRONG BASE?

Answer 27

• Formation of a salt and water
  
  • Same category of products as strong + strong, but the resulting solution is not neutral, it’s a slightly basic solution with a basic salt.
• Example with Pam’s favorite weak acid, acetic acid:
  
  • Molecular: 2HC₂H₃O₂ (aq) + Ca(OH)₂ (aq) –> Ca(C₂H₃O₂)₂ (aq) + 2H₂O (l)

Full ionic: don’t break up acetic acid, it’s weak. 2HC₂H₃O₂ (aq) + Ca²⁺ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) –> Ca²⁺ (aq) + 2C₂H₃O₂^- ( aq) + 2H₂O (l)

* Net ionic: get rid of spectators and simplify. HC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (aq) + OH- (aq) --\> C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup>- </sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)

Question 28

What happens when a WEAK ACID reacts with a WEAK BASE?

Answer 28

• Weak acid plus weak base (NH3) forms ammonium plus the anion
• Write: Double arrow because we don’t have strong driving force, and they’re both weak.
  
  • Molecular: CH3COOH (aq) + NH₃ (aq) ⇄ NH₄CH₃COO (aq)
  • Full ionic: Don’t break up the first two because weak. Ammonium acetate does break up because it’s a strong electrolyte, a salt of ammonium.

CH₃COOH (aq) + NH₃ (aq) ⇄ NH₄+ (aq) + CH₃COO- (aq)