Acid Base Imbalances, Fluid And Electrolytes Flashcards
What are signs and symptoms of hypovolemia?
Acute weight LOSS Decreased skin turgor Concentrated urine THIRST dizziness, confusion Cool, clammy skin
What are some causes of hypovolemia?
Vomiting, diarrhea Fever Excessive sweating Decreased intake Burns Diabetes Insipidus
In hypovolemia what would the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels be?
Increased
In hypovolemia what would the urine specific gravity and osmolality be?
Increased
In hypovolemia what would the BUN and creatinine levels be?
Increased
What is nursing care for hypovolemia?
Monitor I&O at least every 8 hrs Daily body weights Vitals closet monitored Monitor skin and tongue turgor Monitor urine concentration Monitor mental status
What are vital sign indications of hypervolemia?
Increase BP
Increase RR
Bounding pulse
What are some causes of hypervolemia
Heart failure
Renal failure
Cirrhosis
Overload of sodium
What are some signs and symptoms of hypervolemia
Acute weight GAIN Peripheral edema and ascites JVD Crackles SOB Increase urine output
What is nursing care for hypervolemia
Measure I&O Weighed daily Assess breath sounds Monitors edema Educate pt about edema and sodium
What are vital signs indications for hyponatremia
Increase pulse
Decrease BP
What are causes of hyponatremia
Use of diuretics Loss of GI fluids Renal disease Adrenal insufficiency Gain of water SIADH
What are signs and symptoms of hyponatremia
Poor skin turgor Dry mucosa Headache Orthostatic hypotension Naus&vom Confusion Dizziness Twitching Muscle weakness Weight gain Edema
What would the urine specific gravity be in hyponatremia
Decreased
What is nursing care for hyponatremia
Monitor pt response to therapy and preventing hypernatremia Preventing fluid overload Restric fluids Encourage sodium rich foods Monitor daily weight and I&O Osmotic diuretics
What are vital sign indications for hypernatremia?
Increase pulse
Increase BP
What are signs and symptoms of hypernatremia
Thirst Elevated body temp Hallucinations Dry mucous membranes Pulmonary edema Seizures Irritability, restlessness
In hypokalemia is the blood pressure decreased or increased?
Decreased
What are causes of hypokalemia?
Diarrhea Gastric suctioning Use loop diuretics Alkalosis Digoxin toxicity
What are signs and symptoms of hypokalemia
Shallow respirations Fatigue Muscle weakness Leg cramps Threads, weak, irreg pulse Dysrythmias Hypo active reflexes
What is nursing care for hypokalemia
Monitor ECG Adequate oxygenation Fall prevention Monitor respirations Educate pt about potassium rich foods
What are signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia
Twitching Muscle weakness Bradycardia Dysrythmias Flaccid paralysis Abdominal distention Cramps
What are causes of hyperkalemia
Renal failure
Metabolic acidosis
What is nursing care for hyperkalemia
ECG monitor I&O Measure apical pulse Kayexalate Insulin Encourage pt to potassium restriction
What are causes of hypocalcemia
Hypoparathyroidism
Alkalosis
Vit D deficiency
Pancreatitis
What are signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia
Tetany Positive Chvosteks and Trousseaus sign Seizures Dyspnea Larygeal spasm Hyperactive DTRs Numbness Carpopedal spasms
What is nursing care for hypocalcemia
Seizure precautions Reduce stimulation Injury prevention Status of airway monitored Advise pt for calcium supplements Educate about overuse of laxatives and antacids that contain phosphorus Encourage calcium increase in diet
What are causes of hypercalcemia
Malignancies Hyperparathyroidism Thiazide diuretic use Acidosis Prolonged immobility
What are signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia
Muscular weakness Constipation Incoordination Anorexia Dehydration Hypo active DTRs Lethargy Deep bone pain Bradycardia
What is nursing care for hypercalcemia
Drug therapy: IV 0.9%,furosemide, phosphorus, calcitonin Cardiac monitoring Increasing pt mobility Encouraging fluids Fluid containing sodium Monitor for altered mental status
What are causes of respiratory acidosis
Acute pulmonary edema Asphyxiation Drug overdose Obesity Pneumonia
What are signs and symptoms of respiratory acidosis
Increase pulse Increase RR Increase BP Mental cloudiness or confusion Decrease LOC
What is nursing care for respiratory acidosis
Assess PaCO2 levels
Observe for signs of respiratory distress
-restlessness, tachycardia,anxiety confusion
Improving ventilation
Semi or fowler position
What are causes of respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation
Extreme anxiety
Hypoxemia
What are signs and symptoms of respiratory alkalosis
Light headedness
Decreased cerebral blood flow
Inability to concentrate
Numbness and tingling from decreased calcium ionization
What is nursing care for respiratory alkalosis
Brown paper bag
Encourage pt to breathe slowly
Reassure patient
What are causes of metabolic acidosis
Diarrhea Dehydration Starvation Shock Renal failure Diabetic ketoacidosis
What are signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis
Headache Confusion Drowsiness Increased RR decreased cardiac output Decreased BP cold and clammy skin Dysrythmias
What is nursing care for metabolic acidosis
Vital signs
Mental status
Neurologic status
What causes metabolic alkalosis
Gastric suctioning
Excessive vomiting
Diuretics
What are signs and symptoms of metabolic alkalosis
Tingling of finger and toes Dizziness Hyperactive reflexes Changes in LOC Shallow respirations Headache Confusion Changes in heart rate
What is nursing care for metabolic alkalosis
Vital signs Daily weight Monitor heart rate Monitor respirations Monitor fluid gains and losses I&O Assess sensation in extremities Sodium chloride fluids Monitor lab values, esp. pH and bicarbonate
What are vital sign indications for hypovolemia (FVD)?
Decreased BP
Increased Pulse
