Acid Base Imbalances, Fluid And Electrolytes Flashcards by Emma Klaus

What are signs and symptoms of hypovolemia?

Acute weight LOSS
Decreased skin turgor
Concentrated urine
THIRST
dizziness, confusion
Cool, clammy skin

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What are some causes of hypovolemia?

Vomiting, diarrhea 
Fever
Excessive sweating
Decreased intake
Burns
Diabetes Insipidus

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In hypovolemia what would the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels be?

Increased

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In hypovolemia what would the urine specific gravity and osmolality be?

Increased

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In hypovolemia what would the BUN and creatinine levels be?

Increased

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What is nursing care for hypovolemia?

Monitor I&amp;O at least every 8 hrs
Daily body weights
Vitals closet monitored
Monitor skin and tongue turgor 
Monitor urine concentration
Monitor mental status

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What are vital sign indications of hypervolemia?

Increase BP
Increase RR
Bounding pulse

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What are some causes of hypervolemia

Heart failure
Renal failure
Cirrhosis
Overload of sodium

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What are some signs and symptoms of hypervolemia

Acute weight GAIN
Peripheral edema and ascites
JVD
Crackles
SOB 
Increase urine output

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What is nursing care for hypervolemia

Measure I&amp;O
Weighed daily
Assess breath sounds
Monitors edema
Educate pt about edema and sodium

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What are vital signs indications for hyponatremia

Increase pulse

Decrease BP

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What are causes of hyponatremia

Use of diuretics 
Loss of GI fluids
Renal disease
Adrenal insufficiency 
Gain of water
SIADH

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What are signs and symptoms of hyponatremia

Poor skin turgor
Dry mucosa
Headache
Orthostatic hypotension
Naus&amp;vom
Confusion
Dizziness
Twitching
Muscle weakness
Weight gain
Edema

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What would the urine specific gravity be in hyponatremia

Decreased

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What is nursing care for hyponatremia

Monitor pt response to therapy and preventing hypernatremia
Preventing fluid overload
Restric fluids
Encourage sodium rich foods
Monitor daily weight and I&amp;O
Osmotic diuretics

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What are vital sign indications for hypernatremia?

Increase pulse

Increase BP

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What are signs and symptoms of hypernatremia

Thirst
Elevated body temp
Hallucinations
Dry mucous membranes 
Pulmonary edema
Seizures 
Irritability, restlessness

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In hypokalemia is the blood pressure decreased or increased?

Decreased

What are causes of hypokalemia?

Diarrhea
Gastric suctioning
Use loop diuretics
Alkalosis
Digoxin toxicity

What are signs and symptoms of hypokalemia

Shallow respirations
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Leg cramps
Threads, weak, irreg pulse 
Dysrythmias
Hypo active reflexes

What is nursing care for hypokalemia

Monitor ECG
Adequate oxygenation
Fall prevention
Monitor respirations 
Educate pt about potassium rich foods

What are signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia

Twitching
Muscle weakness
Bradycardia
Dysrythmias
Flaccid paralysis
Abdominal distention
Cramps

What are causes of hyperkalemia

Renal failure

Metabolic acidosis

What is nursing care for hyperkalemia

ECG monitor
I&amp;O
Measure apical pulse
Kayexalate 
Insulin
Encourage pt to potassium restriction

What are causes of hypocalcemia

Hypoparathyroidism Alkalosis Vit D deficiency Pancreatitis

What are signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia

``` Tetany Positive Chvosteks and Trousseaus sign Seizures Dyspnea Larygeal spasm Hyperactive DTRs Numbness Carpopedal spasms ```

What is nursing care for hypocalcemia

``` Seizure precautions Reduce stimulation Injury prevention Status of airway monitored Advise pt for calcium supplements Educate about overuse of laxatives and antacids that contain phosphorus Encourage calcium increase in diet ```

What are causes of hypercalcemia

``` Malignancies Hyperparathyroidism Thiazide diuretic use Acidosis Prolonged immobility ```

What are signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia

``` Muscular weakness Constipation Incoordination Anorexia Dehydration Hypo active DTRs Lethargy Deep bone pain Bradycardia ```

What is nursing care for hypercalcemia

``` Drug therapy: IV 0.9%,furosemide, phosphorus, calcitonin Cardiac monitoring Increasing pt mobility Encouraging fluids Fluid containing sodium Monitor for altered mental status ```

What are causes of respiratory acidosis

``` Acute pulmonary edema Asphyxiation Drug overdose Obesity Pneumonia ```

What are signs and symptoms of respiratory acidosis

``` Increase pulse Increase RR Increase BP Mental cloudiness or confusion Decrease LOC ```

What is nursing care for respiratory acidosis

Assess PaCO2 levels Observe for signs of respiratory distress -restlessness, tachycardia,anxiety confusion Improving ventilation Semi or fowler position

What are causes of respiratory alkalosis

Hyperventilation Extreme anxiety Hypoxemia

What are signs and symptoms of respiratory alkalosis

Light headedness Decreased cerebral blood flow Inability to concentrate Numbness and tingling from decreased calcium ionization

What is nursing care for respiratory alkalosis

Brown paper bag Encourage pt to breathe slowly Reassure patient

What are causes of metabolic acidosis

``` Diarrhea Dehydration Starvation Shock Renal failure Diabetic ketoacidosis ```

What are signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis

``` Headache Confusion Drowsiness Increased RR decreased cardiac output Decreased BP cold and clammy skin Dysrythmias ```

What is nursing care for metabolic acidosis

Vital signs Mental status Neurologic status

What causes metabolic alkalosis

Gastric suctioning Excessive vomiting Diuretics

What are signs and symptoms of metabolic alkalosis

``` Tingling of finger and toes Dizziness Hyperactive reflexes Changes in LOC Shallow respirations Headache Confusion Changes in heart rate ```

What is nursing care for metabolic alkalosis

``` Vital signs Daily weight Monitor heart rate Monitor respirations Monitor fluid gains and losses I&O Assess sensation in extremities Sodium chloride fluids Monitor lab values, esp. pH and bicarbonate ```

What are vital sign indications for hypovolemia (FVD)?

Decreased BP | Increased Pulse