Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho II Exam 1 > Acid Base Imbalance > Flashcards

Acid Base Imbalance Flashcards

1
Q

pH

A

–power or potential of hydrogen
–scale that identifies the acidity or basicity of a solution
–hydrogen ion concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

increase in hydrogen ions equals…

A

more acidic pH (lower)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

decrease in hydrogen ions equals…

A

more basic pH (higher)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what can acids do with hydrogen ions?

A

donate them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what can bases do with hydrogen ions?

A

–accept them
–give up hydroxide ion (OH-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do strong acids do in solutions?

A

dissociate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do weak acids do in solutions?

A

dissociate partially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does hydrogen do in the body?

A

–helps maintain cell membranes
–helps with enzyme activity
–component of H2O and keeps the body hydrated
–helps in energy production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is hydrogen a component of?

A

–sugars
–proteins
–starch
–fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a neutral pH?

A

7.0 (equal H+ and OH-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pH normal range in the body

A

7.35-7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where is the most acidic place in the body?

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how is the stomach equipped to handle a lower pH?

A

–produces mucus and bicarb to protect stomach lining from HCl
–duodenum has defense mechanisms to neutralize the acid
–LES prevents the movement of gastric acid into the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pH in skeletal muscle

A

6.9-7.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pH in bone

A

7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pH in liver

A

7.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pH in pleural fluid

A

7.6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what electrolytes are affected by the acid-base balance?

A

Na+, K+, Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what else can be affected by the acid base balance?

A

–hormones
–oxygen transport and delivery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is oxygen transport and delivery affected by acid base balance?

A

–more acid = Hgb will give up O2 more readily at the tissues
–more alkalotic = Hgb will hold on to O2
**prefer the body to be more acidic than alkalotic for oxygenation purposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pH levels incompatible with life

A

pH < 6.8 OR pH > 7.8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

two types of acids in the body

A

–volatile acid
–non-volatile acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

volatile acids

A

–can be converted to gas
–excreted/eliminated by the lungs
carbonic acid (H2CO3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

non-volatile acids

A

–lactic acid
–phosphoric acid
–sulfuric acid
–acetoacetic acid
–beta-hydroxybutyric
**eliminated by the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

phosphoric acid

A

works with calcium in bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

sulfuric acid

A

protein metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

acetoacetic acid

A

liver

28
Q

beta-hydroxybutyric

A

diagnosis of DKA

29
Q

what non-volatile acid is not excreted by the kidneys?

A

lactic acid

30
Q

lactic acid

A

–metabolized by the body – primarily liver and kidneys
–can be utilized for energy production

31
Q

how do acids get into the body?

A

–ingest in food/drink
–metabolism of lipids and proteins
–cellular metabolism waste product

32
Q

buffers

A

chemicals in the body that combine with acid or base to change the pH

33
Q

buffer specifics

A

–accept or release a H+
–almost instantaneous
–short-lived

34
Q

3 main buffer systems

A

–bicarb (carbonic acid buffer)
–phosphate
–protein (hemoglobin)

35
Q

bicarb location

A

ECF

36
Q

bicarb

A

–CO2 byproduct of cellular metabolism
–combines with H2O in serum to form carbonic acid
–carbonic anhydrase breaks down carbonic acid

37
Q

carbonic anhydrase location

A

many tissues of the body especially in lungs and kidneys

38
Q

how is carbonic acid formed in lungs?

A

CO2 + H2O

39
Q

how is carbonic acid formed in the kidneys?

A

H+ + HCO3-

40
Q

phosphate buffer

A

–main intracellular buffer
–H+ + HPO4 = H2PO4-
–hydrogen + hydrogen phosphate = dihydrogen phosphate ion

41
Q

protein buffers

A

–nearly all proteins can function as buffers
–hemoglobin picks up CO2 at the cellular level

42
Q

how do proteins work as buffers?

A

carboxyl group (COOH) is a weak acid that gives up H+
–amino acid
–acetic acid

amino group (NH2-) accept H+
–amino acids have both a carboxyl and amino group
–ammonia NH3

43
Q

what particles are involved in cellular compensation?

A

H+ –> positively charged ions
K+ –> positively charged ion, mostly found inside cell

44
Q

what happens when there is an increase in H+ concentration?

A

–pH decreases = more acidic
–H+ move into the cell
–more positively charged ions in the cell
–K+ moves out of cell
–electrical neutrality is restored inside cell

45
Q

effect on K+ when pH becomes more acidic

A

increased K+ in the blood –> hyperkalemia

46
Q

cellular compensation

A

–temporary correction of pH
–process will reverse as pH returns to normal
–if kidneys are working, they will excrete the excess K+ = hypokalemia

47
Q

respiratory mechanisms in acid base balance

A

–body produce CO2
–CO2 and H2O creates carbonic acid
–exhalation excretes carbonic acid
–doesn’t affect fixed acids (non volatile) like lactic acid
–converts volatile acids to gas
–body pH can be adjusted by changing rate and depth of breathing

48
Q

RR in acidotic patients

A

increased RR to blow off CO2

49
Q

RR in alkalotic patients

A

decreased RR to retain CO2

50
Q

kidney excretion role in acid base balance

A

–can eliminate large amounts of acid except carbonic acid
–can also excrete base
–can conserve and produce bicarb ions
–most effective regulator of pH
–if kidneys fail, pH balance fails
–depends on normal functioning of renal system

51
Q

rates of correction for mechanisms

A

–buffers almost instantaneously
–respiratory = several minutes to hours
–renal = several hours to days

52
Q

compensation

A

body response to acid-base imbalance

53
Q

respiratory compensation

A

if underlying problem is metabolic, hyperventilation or hypoventilation can help

54
Q

metabolic compensation

A

if problem is respiratory, renal mechanisms can help

55
Q

process for correcting acidosis

A

acidosis –> stimulates brain and arterial receptors –> increase RR –> decrease blood CO2 –> decrease carbonic acid –> increased pH

56
Q

process for correcting alkalosis

A

alkalosis –> stimulates brain and arterial receptors –> decrease RR –> increase blood CO2 –> increase carbonic acid –> decrease pH

57
Q

what is the primary controller of the body’s carbonic acid supply?

A

lungs

58
Q

what does CO2 mix with to form carbonic acid in the lungs?

A

H2O

59
Q

hyperventilation

A

blows off CO2 and increases pH

60
Q

hypoventilation

A

retains CO2 and decreases pH

61
Q

renal response time for correcting pH

A

hours to days

62
Q

what are the primary controllers of bicarb in the body?

A

kidneys

63
Q

how do kidneys control pH?

A

by adjusting amount of bicarb that is…
(1) reabsorbed into the bloodstream
(2) excreted in the urine

64
Q

how will kidneys respond if blood is too acidic?

A

reabsorb bicarb

65
Q

how will kidneys respond if blood is too alkalotic?

A

excrete bicarb

66
Q

normal range for CO2

A

35-45

67
Q

normal range for HCO3

A

22-26

Patho II Exam 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions