Acid Base balance Flashcards

1
Q

what are the equations for pH?

A
  1. pH= pKa + log10 ([base]/[acid])
  2. pH= -log10[H+]
  3. pH= log10 1/[H+]
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2
Q

what is the definition for standard bicarbonate measured on ABG?

A

Calculation of bicarbonate concentration under standard conditions for example in plasma of fully oxygenated blood which has been equilibrated to a partial CO2 of 5.32 at 37 degrees

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3
Q

what is ‘base excess’?

A

The calculated amount of strong acid (mmol/L) which would have been added to one litre of the patients blood to reach a pH or 7.4 at a pCO2 of 7.4 at 37 degrees in alkalosis

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4
Q

what is ‘base deficit’?

A

The calculated amount of strong alkali (mmol/L) which would have been added to one litre of the patients blood to reach a pH of 7.4 at a pCO2 of 5.32 at 37 degrees

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5
Q

what is osmolality?

A

An estimation of the osmolar concentration of plasma and is proportional to the number of particles per kg of solvent.

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6
Q

what is the definition of osmolarity?

A

An estimation of the osmolar concentration of plasma and is proportional to the number of particles per L of solution

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7
Q

what is the equation for calculated osmolality?

A

2 x [Na] + Urea + Glucose

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8
Q

what is the osmolal gap?

A

Measured osmolality - calculated osmolality

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9
Q

what is the normal range for osmolal gap?

A

less than 10mmol/L

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10
Q

what is the equation for anion gap?

A

([Na] + [K+]) - ([HCO3-] +Cl-])

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11
Q

what is the normal range for anion gaps?

A

10-18mmol/L

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12
Q

what causes an anion gap?

A

un-measured anions such as albumin, phosphate, sulphate, lactate.

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13
Q

what does an albumin of 40g/L normally contribute to a negative charge causing an anion gap?

A

10mmol/L

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14
Q

if albumin levels reduce what happens to the anion gap?

A

it will also reduce

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15
Q

how long does respiratory compensation take to occur?

A

It occurs very rapidly

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16
Q

what is kussmaul breathing?

A

A type of respiratory compensation in response to acidosis. very deep breathing

17
Q

how long does metabolic compensation normally take to occur?

A

36-72 hours

18
Q

why does metabolic transcription take so much longer to occur?

A

It requires enzyme induction for increased genetic transcription or translation to occur.

19
Q

how is bicarbonate produced in the tubular cell?

A

water + carbon dioxide = hydrogen bicarbonate

hydrogen bicarbonate with carbonic anhydrase makes it break down to hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.

20
Q

how is the hydrogen from the breakdown of carbonic acid removed from the tubular cell?

A

It goes into a sodium hydrogen ATPase, this stops the potassium sodium ATPase pump meaning potassium will build up in the cell

21
Q

what normally happens to the potassium levels in acidosis?

A

increase due to removal of hydrogen from the tubular cell

HYPERKALAMIA