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Anatomy and Physiology 2 Unit 4 > Acid Base Balance > Flashcards

Acid Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What percent water are adults, infants and elderly

A

60, 74 and 45

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2
Q

What are nonelectrolytes

A

organic molecules like glucose lipid and urea that are not charged

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3
Q

ICF has more what ions

A

K+ and A-

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4
Q

ECF has more what ions

A

Na+ and Cl-

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5
Q

What pressures control the movement of fluids between compartments

A

osmotic and hydrostatic

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6
Q

ECF increase osmolarity causes water to go

A

out of cell

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7
Q

ECF decrease osmolarity causes water to go

A

into the cell

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8
Q

What is blood osmolarity

A

concentration of chemical particles in fluid part of blood

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9
Q

What does an increase in plasma osmolarity causes

A

water to move out of cell

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10
Q

What is obligatory water loss

A

occur at a constant irrespective of body state of hydration

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11
Q

What is hyponatremia

A

low sodium causing decreased urine production and increased aldosterone

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12
Q

What can reverse hypotonic hydration

A

hypertonic saline or mannitol infusion

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13
Q

What is edema

A

fluid build up in tissues

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14
Q

What are some types of edema

A

peripheral, pulmonary, cerebral, and macular

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15
Q

How does ECF concentration remain consistent

A

water volume may need to change

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16
Q

What does aldosterone do to Na and K

A

increase Na and K

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17
Q

What does no aldosterone cause

A

lose too much Na

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18
Q

What is Addison’s disease

A

adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone

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19
Q

What is ANP

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

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20
Q

What does ANP do

A

dilate afferent arterioles and constrict efferent, increases GFR

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21
Q

How do estrogen and progesterone effect regulation of sodium

A

increase resorption

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22
Q

Why do glucocorticoids promote edema

A

stimulates Na resorption

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23
Q

What does aldosterone do to the DCT

A

causes the reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium

24
Q

Increased plasma potassium concentration do

A

stimulates secretion of aldosterone

25
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperkalemia

A

heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, or vomiting

26
Q

What are the symptoms of hypokalemia

A

respiratory failure and death

27
Q

What happens to neuromuscular excitation when hypocalcemia occurs

A

increased excitation

28
Q

what is the normal pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

29
Q

What is blood alkalosis

A

arterial pH is above 7.45

30
Q

What is blood acidosis

A

arterial pH is below 7.0

31
Q

Chemical acid-base buffers

A

molecules that prevent H+ concentration changes by binding to H+ ions and releasing them

32
Q

What is the alkaline reserve

A

available bicarbonate ions

33
Q

What is most of the body’s buffer system

A

proteins

34
Q

What are the physiological buffering systems

A

respiratory and renal systems

35
Q

What is the problem with alkalosis

A

too little H+, pH too high

36
Q

How do the lungs resolve blood alkalosis

A

slows breathing

37
Q

What is the result of hypoventilation

A

decrease pH

38
Q

What is the result of hyperventilation

A

increase pH

39
Q

How does the renal mechanism work

A

excretes or reabsorbs HCO3-

40
Q

To reabsorb HCO3- the kidneys must do what

A

secrete H+

41
Q

What must the kidneys do to excrete HCO3-

A

retain H+

42
Q

What replenishes the alkaline reserve

A

replenished by the kidney

43
Q

What is respiratory acidosis

A

shallow or slow breathing results in CO2 accumulating in the blood

44
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventilation releasing CO2 faster than produced

45
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis

A

alcohol, lactic acid accumulation and ketosis, HCO3- levels would be low

46
Q

What causes metabolic alkalosis

A

vomiting, intake of bases, or constipation

47
Q

If the PCO2 is above 45 mmHg what is happening

A

respiratory acidosis (most common imbalance)

48
Q

If PCO2 is below 35 mm Hg what is happening

A

respiratory alkalosis, usually hyperventilating

49
Q

What effect does acidosis have on the nervous system

A

depresses it

50
Q

what effect does alkalosis have on the nervous system

A

overexcites it, convulsions and respiratory arrest

51
Q

What is respiratory compensations

A

changes in breathing rate and depth due to metabolic imbalances

52
Q

What is renal compensation

A

changes in renal function due to metabolic imbalances

53
Q

What are the signs of respiratory compensation

A

low CO2 levels and low HCO3- levels

54
Q

Why does diabetes cause acidosis

A

ketone bodies are released when liver breaks down fat for fuel and these bodies acidic

55
Q

Why do infants have more acid base balance issues

A

low residual volumes, high rate of fluid intake, high metabolic rate

Anatomy and Physiology 2 Unit 4 (1 decks)

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