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4460 - Food animal med & sx > Acid base and neonatal calf diarrhea > Flashcards

Acid base and neonatal calf diarrhea Flashcards

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1
Q

An optimal oral electrolyte solution will correct what four things in a scouring calf?

A 
electrolyte imbalance (big one!)
Energy deficits (glucose)
Dehydration
strong ion acidosis
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2
Q

What unmeasured anion contributes (uniquely) to metabolic acidosis in calves?

A

D-lactate
this is produced from bacterial fermentation of nutrients in the gut that were not properly absorbed. Malabsorption happens because of loss of lactate from denuded villi

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3
Q

Increased SID (strong ion difference) means

a. Acidosis
b. Alkalosis

A

b. Alkalosis

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4
Q

Describe the principal of electroneutrality

A

sum of anions = sum of cations

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5
Q

Describe the principal of strong ion difference, including how to calculate it and why it matters

A

Na + K - Cl - Lac

SID determines the [H+]

a. high SID = alkalosis
b. low SID = acidosis

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6
Q

What role do proteins play in acid base? What are the major proteins present in blood

A 
Negative ions (anions)
Weak acids --> more protein = more acidic  
Most important weak electrolytes present in plasma (95%)

Major proteins in the blood: albumin (degree of bound Ca changes with acid-base conditions), globulins,

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7
Q

Describe the difference in dissociation behavior (in H2O) of strong vs. weak electrolytes

A

strong: always completely dissociate
Weak: Only partially dissociate. Degree of dissociation is dependent on conditions (acidic, alkalotic) ie. buffers, amount of Ca bound to albumin

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8
Q

List the different fluid compartments that exist in the body

A
  1. ECF –> ISF & plasma

2. ICF

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9
Q

What are the 3 laws of chemistry of aqueous solutions that biologic fluids follow?

A
  1. Law of electroneutrality ([H+] + [OH-] = 0)
    - consequence: can’t add single species of ion to sol’n
  2. law of dissociation equilibria
  3. Law of conservation of mass
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10
Q

Foals & Calves have a greater ECF space relative to body weight, which means they are more susceptible to what (compared to adults)?

A

Dehydration

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11
Q

Cows are net excretors of which electrolyte?

A

Potassium

A cow off feed will be in a hypokalemic state –> smaller SID –> acidosis

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12
Q

Hydronium (H3O) is present in (large/small) amounts in body fluids. Enzyme activity is (dependent/independent) on/of hydronium

A

small (much lower than Na for example)

dependent (effects other molecules even at very low concentrations)

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13
Q

Conservation of mass

amount of each substance within an H2O solution stays the same unless (2 things):

A
  1. A substance is added/removed from the outside (important for [H+])
  2. Produced/destroyed from a chemical reaction within the substance (has no bearing on H+)
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14
Q

What is the pH of:

a. Water at 37degrees
b. Bovine urine

A

a. 6.68

b. 8.5

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15
Q

Questions about CO2

a. It is a product of what?
b. what fluid compartment is it in highest concentrations
c. Does it act most like a weak base, or acid?

A

a. Body metabolism
b. ICF –> cellular metabolism
c. weak acid

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16
Q

What are the two primary determinants of [H+] in plasma?

A
  1. SID

2. pCO2

17
Q

What is the most important difference between substance composition of plasma & CSF (wrt acid-base)

A

No protein present in CSF (A-)

18
Q

What is the effect of CO2 on

  1. pH
  2. metabolic compensation
A
  1. major effect, increased CO2 = acidic

2. very little effect, increased CO2 causes slight increase in HCO3

19
Q

What is the effect of increasing SID on HCO3?

A

increases

20
Q

What is the anion gap?

A

AG = A- + Lac-

where, A- is all weak acids: protein, small organic molecules

21
Q
  1. Is ISF: plasma highly permeable?
  2. Is ISF: ICF highly permeable?
  3. What is the significance?
A
  1. Yes –> what we do to plasma effectively happens to ISF too
  2. No –> except for CO2 & H2O. ISF has practically no A-, ICF has a lot. Lactate ions key regulators of interaction between ISF & ICF.
22
Q

What might the biochemical profile of a cow with Johnes be abnormal? What is the effect on acid-base?

A

Hypoproteinemic

metabolic alkalosis

23
Q

What major electrolyte is lost when a cow has a displaced abomasum? What does this mean for acid-base? How do we treat it?

A

Chloride –> hypochloremia
Increased SID –> metabolic alkalosis
Replace lost chloride, correct alkalosis with an acidifying solution (LRS, SID = 0)

24
Q

Describe the treatment protocol for neonatal calf diarrhea when

  1. mildly ill, early detection
  2. > 8% dehydrated
  3. Signs of hypovolemic shock
A
  1. oral electrolytes, choose based on acid-base status of calf (usually acidotic, so we gave an alkalanizing solution)
  2. IV fluid therapy with balanced electrolytes (LRS)
  3. 1x hypertonic saline to reverse hypovolemia, followed by 10x isotonic fluids
25
Q

For neonatal calf diarrhea caused by e.coli

  1. average age of onset
  2. common symptoms
  3. mechanism of action of e.coli
  4. treatment
  5. Preventative measures
A
  1. 4-7 days of age
  2. secretory diarrhea, dehydration & weakness (can progress quickly to more severe symptoms & death, w. mortality rates of 10-50%)
  3. acid-base imbalance (usually acidosis) since toxins cause secretion of Na & Cl
  4. Fluid therapy, anti-inflam to help w. inflammation & pain (ketoprofen). Ab therapy only recommended if septicemic or high risk of septicemia
  5. prompt and adequate colostrum, good hygiene, reduced stress. Vaccine can be given to cow 30 days before calving (designed to increase anti-F5 Ab)
26
Q

For NCD caused by rotavirus

  1. average age of onset
  2. common symptoms
  3. mechanism of action of rotavirus & maintenance in environ.
  4. treatment
  5. preventative measures
A
  1. 5-14 days
  2. profuse watery diarrhea and dehydration, may be subclinical
  3. a.infects epithelial cells along brush border of small intestine, causing sloughing/denuding of brush border. Malabsorption and maldigestion result –> loss of some lactase action since in the villi.
  4. b. shed by calves and adults for weeks after clinical or subclinical infxn
  5. fluid therapy, lactase supplement before feeding, no indication for Ab therapy
  6. two vxns available but neither efficacious
27
Q

For NCD caused by coronavirus,

  1. Age of onset
  2. Common symptoms, severity?
  3. MofA of the virus
  4. Can this virus affect adults?
  5. What other body system can it cause disease in (besides GI)
  6. how is it maintained and spread in a herd, and what time of year is it most associated with?
A
  1. 1 day-3mos, but most commonly 7-14 days
  2. profuse watery diarrhea that lasts longer than rotavirus, dehydration, depression, acidosis. Animals are quite sick, and more likely to die
  3. attacks crypt and epithelial cells of small & large intestine
  4. Yes - winter dysentery
  5. respiratory
  6. ubiquitous in all cattle, shed in large amounts around time of calving and in the winter
28
Q

What are the two most common parasites that cause neonatal calf diarrhea?
Are they zoonotic?
Which one is more commonly associated w. diarrhea in young calves?
Are they intracellular organisms?
Do they cause malabsorption/maldigestion?
Do these parasites have an environmental developmental phase (ie. freshly shed are not infective)?

A
  1. Cryptosporidium & Giardia
  2. Yes - both are zoonotic
  3. Cryptosporidium is more commonly associated w. diarrhea in calves 5-15 days of age. Giardia that causes disease in young animals is usually because of co-infection with another.
  4. Crypto. is intracellular, damage to villi is due to inflammatory response
  5. Yes, they both can cause malabsorption/maldigestion of lactose because of villar atrophy. Crypto goes inside epithelial cells, giardia attaches to outside
  6. No, freshly passed crypto & giardia are immediately infective
29
Q

What causes lactose intolerance in calves?
What can be done to treat them?
Is primary lactose intolerance a problem in calves?

A
  1. Secondary lactose intolerance –> infectious enteritis of any etiology
  2. Supplement with lactase 1/2 hour prior to feeding. Given 4x daily
  3. No, congenital lack of lactose production has never been noted in calves
30
Q

For NCD caused by salmonella

  1. what are the classic clinical signs?
  2. Can mortality be sudden, and rates high?
  3. Typical age of affected animals
  4. mechanism of action of salmonella –> diarrhea
  5. Treatment
  6. zoonotic?
  7. Prevention
A
  1. diarrhea, fever, leukopenia
  2. Yes, mortality may precede diarrhea, and rates can be 50%
  3. 5-42 days of age
  4. Invade epithelial of mostly distal sm. intestine (intracellular). inflammatory response causes destruction of villi & possibly bloody diarrhea. This bacterium is dose-dependent
  5. fluid therapy, Ab to prevent or treat extra-intestinal infections (high risk of bacteremia)
  6. Yes, can cause serious disease in humans
  7. Herd testing, ID & isolate infected animals (clinical & subclinical can shed high amounts). Good hygiene, ensure adequate colostrum & passive transfer, reduce stressors
31
Q

What bacterial agents can cause bloody NCD?

A

Salmonella, non-ETEC e.coli (EPEC, EHEC), Clostridium perfringens (enterotoxemia)

32
Q

Is coccidiosis a problem in young, or older calves? What about BVD?

A

Older, usually >30 days

BVD –> also older

33
Q

Is there a potential risk behind giving antibiotics to a septicemic, diarrheic calf? Does it warrant avoiding Ab use?

A

Yes –> if causative agent is a gram negative bacterium, Ab can cause mass death of bacteria & subsequent large amounts of endotoxin release –> marked deterioration of animal.

Does NOT outweigh the benefit of Ab.

34
Q

What is the classic presentation of a calf with lactose intolerance (but cured of infection)?

A

Bright, alert, suckling calf, but watery diarrhea continues

35
Q

What are most common bacterial agents causing septicemia in a calf?

A

E.coli, salmonella, strep, pasteurella, listeria

36
Q

For assessing passive transfer status:
What is a cheap, quick, calf-side test?
What is the gold standard (most accurate)?

A
  1. Cheap –> TP determination by refractometry (hemoconcentration, & in-uter infections resulting in high fibrinogen can skew results)
  2. IgG quantification by radial-immuno-diffusion (RID), but expensive and long turn-around time

4460 - Food animal med & sx (2 decks)

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