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Acid-Base Flashcards

1
Q

How is pH measured?

A

ISE

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2
Q

PCO2 is in equilibrium with what?

A

H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

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3
Q

T or F: PO2 is the measure of O2 attached to albumin.

A

F- it’s diffused in plasma, not attached to alb

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4
Q

Normal pH is ___ - ____.

A

7.35-7.45

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5
Q

What is the normal HCO3/H2CO3 ratio?

A

20:1

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6
Q

What does a decreased HCO3/H2CO3 ratio suggest?

A

acidosis

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7
Q

What does an increased HCO3/H2CO3 ratio suggest?

A

alkalosis

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8
Q

What are the 2 major buffer systems?

A

bicarb and Hg

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9
Q

What are the 2 minor buffer systems?

A

inorganic phosphate and plasma proteins

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10
Q

What does the body do to keep the HCO3/H2CO3 ratio at 20:1 when there’s a change in HCO3?

A

changes respiratory rate to alter PCO2

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11
Q

What does the body do to keep the HCO3/H2CO3 ratio at 20:1 when there’s a change in H2CO3 (which is pretty much the same thing as PCO2)?

A

changes metabolic state to alter HCO3

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12
Q

CO2 retention due to hypoventilation or severe impairment of gas exchange causes ____.

A

respiratory acidosis

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13
Q

Bicarbonate excess causes ____.

A

metabolic alkalosis

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14
Q

Gastric parietal cells combine ___ and ___ to make carbonic acid which dissociates into ___ & ____.

A

Gastric parietal cells combine CO2 and H2O to make carbonic acid which dissociates into H & HCO3.

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15
Q

What are 3 causes of abnormal neurologic control of breathing which lead to resp acidosis?

A

anesthesia
sedation
head trauma

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16
Q

What are 7 causes of muscular or mechanical failure which lead to resp acidosis?

A 
pneumothorax
pleural effusion 
ivermectin tox
coonhound paralysis
m. gravis
neutotoxins (botulism)
paralytic drugs
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17
Q

What are 3 causes of upper airway obstruction which lead to resp acidosis?

A

calf diphtheria
tracheal collapse
laryngeal edema/constriction

18
Q

What are 3 causes of lung abnormalities which lead to resp acidosis?

A

severe pneumonia
severe pulmonary edema
COPD

19
Q

What are 5 causes of altered respiratory control which lead to resp alkalosis?

A 
convulsions
fever
fear/anxiety
heat
hepatic encephalopathy
20
Q

What are 5 causes of hypoxemial which lead to resp alkalosis?

A 
hypotension
pulmonary vascular shunts
pulmonary fibrosis
pneumonia
pulmonary edema
21
Q

CO2 loss due to hyperventilation causes ____.

A

resp alkalosis

22
Q

Is mild pneumonia more likely to cause resp acidosis or resp alkalosis?

A

resp alkalosis (b/c it’s impairing O2 exchange so breathing harder to get more O2, but CO2 exchange isn’t affected and end up blowing off too much CO2–> alkalosis)

23
Q

How is SO2 determined?

A

analyzer measures pO2 and calculates SO2 (% Hg saturated with O2) based on Hg-O2 dissociation curve

24
Q

Why is base excess calculated?

A

to account for the combined bicarb and Hg buffering capacity of the blood

25
Q

What does a + base excess indicate?

26
Q

What does a - base excess indicate?

A

acidosis (magnitude of HCO3 deficit)

27
Q

What 4 things do you need to measure the BE?

A

measured Hg
standard HCO3
PCO2
body temp

28
Q

How is the normal BE different in horses/cows and dogs/cats?

A

usually >0 in horses and cows and

29
Q

The SaO2 measured from cooximetry is proportional to what on the blood gas?

30
Q

Most of the TCO2 in the body is ____.

31
Q

How does an underfilled tube affect TCO2 measurements?

A

It can result in falsely decreased TCO2

32
Q

In secretory acidosis, loss of NaHCO3 rich fluids causes net acidification because of ____ retention.

33
Q

What are 4 causes of sectional acidosis?

A

Choke
Secretional diarrhea
Obstruction
RTA

34
Q

Pattern for secretional acidosis:
HCO/TCO2-
Cl-
AG-

A

HCO/TCO2- decr
Cl- normal or incr
AG- normal

35
Q

Pattern for titrational acidosis:
HCO/TCO2-
Cl-
AG-

A

HCO/TCO2- decr
Cl- normal
AG- incr

36
Q

What are 3 causes of loss of gastric/abomasal HCl leading to met alk?

A

vomiting/tubing horses
abomasal obstruction (physical, functional, stasis)
prox jejunitis-ileitis in horses

37
Q

Pattern for metabolic alkalosis:
HCO/TCO2-
Cl-
AG-

A

HCO/TCO2- incr
Cl- decr
AG- N or slighly incr

38
Q

What 3 things do you have to have to get paradoxical aciduria?

A

hypovolemia, hypoCl, tbK depletion

39
Q

How does paradoxical aciduria happen?

A

kidneys resorb Na because trying to keep water in–> Cl usually comes with but deficient so HCO3 resorbed w/Na instead; Na can also exchange w/K or H to be resorbed but K is low so exchanges w/ H

40
Q

How is hypoK associated with met alk?

41
Q

How can liver failure cause met alk? (uncommon cause)

A

BE builds up (NH3 and amines)

42
Q

How can the sheep blowfly cause met alk?

A

it makes a lot of NH3 (base excess)

Thrall (4 decks)

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