Acid-Base

Question 1

Substance that releases H+ ion when dissolved in water

Answer 1

acid

Question 2

Substance that binds free H+ ions in solution

Answer 2

base

Question 3

Most common base in body

Answer 3

HCO3- (bicarbonate)

Question 4

Most common acid in body

Answer 4

H2CO3- (carbonic acid)

Question 5

Ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate

Answer 5

1:20

Question 6

What organ controls bicarbonate levels?

Answer 6

kidneys

Question 7

What organ controls carbon dioxide?

Answer 7

lungs

Question 8

How is CO2 formed?

Answer 8

carbohydrate metabolism

Question 9

Incomplete breakdown of fatty acids that are metabolized are called

Answer 9

ketoacids

Question 10

Once bicarbonate is in the ECF, it is kept at a level ___ times greater than that of carbonic acid

Answer 10

20

Question 11

What are buffers composed of?

Answer 11

Chemicals or proteins

Question 12

Two common chemical buffers?

Answer 12

Bicarbonate and phosphate

Question 13

Major cell protein buffer?

Answer 13

Hemoglobin

H+ binds to hemoglobin, resulting in fewer H+ ions in the blood, bringing pH back to normal.

Question 14

Second line of defense when chemical buffers cannot prevent change in blood pH

Answer 14

Respiratory system

Breathing controls Amt of free hydrogen ions by controlling amt of CO2 in arterial blood.

Question 15

What causes hyperventilation?

Answer 15

CO2 is elevated in brain blood and tissue. Receptors trigger neurons to increase rate and depth of breathing.

Question 16

What causes hypoventilation?

Answer 16

CO2 in ECF is too low. Respiratory rate and depth are decreased

Question 17

Which response is faster to balance acid/base?

Answer 17

Respiratory (done within minutes)

Question 18

How long does it take for kidney’s actions to respond?

Answer 18

24-48 hours

Question 19

What actions does kidney do for acid/base control?

Answer 19

1. Movement of bicarbonate
2. Formation of acids
3. Formation of ammonium

Question 20

How is bicarbonate moved in kidneys?

Answer 20

Reabsorbed from kidneys back in to circulation, instead of being excreted in urine.

Question 21

When does kidney compensation occur?

Answer 21

When respiratory system is overwhelmed or not healthy.

Question 22

Too many hydrogen ions present is called ___

Answer 22

acidosis

Question 23

Four processes that can result in metabolic acidosis

Answer 23

1. Overproduction of H+ ions
2. Undereilmination of H+ ions
3. Underproduction of HCO3- ions
4. Overelimination of HCO3- ions

Question 24

Acidosis manifestations - cardiovascular

Answer 24

Increased HR and cardiac output
Decreased HR (as acidosis worsens)
Hypotension
Peripheral pulses may be difficult to find

Question 25

Acidosis manifestations - CNS

Answer 25

Lethargy Confusion Unresponsiveness (as acidosis worsens)

Question 26

Acidosis manifestation - neuromuscular

Answer 26

Reduced muscle tone & deep tendon reflexes

Question 27

Acidosis manifestation - respiratory

Answer 27

Deep, rapid breaths (Kussmaul respirations) in metabolic Shallow and rapid breath in respiratory

Question 28

Acidosis manifestation - skin

Answer 28

Metabolic: warm, dry pink Respiratory: pale to cyanotic

Question 29

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 29

1. Antacid ingestion 2. Blood transfusion 3. TPN 4. Prolonged vomiting (alk alk alkalosis)

Question 30

Causes of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 30

1. Hyperventilation (blowing off too much CO2) 2. ASA toxicity 3. shock 4. High altitudes

Question 31

Alkalosis manifestation - CNS

Answer 31

dizziness confusion hyperreflexia trousseau and chvostek signs

Question 32

Alkalosis manifestations - neuromuscular

Answer 32

cramps twitching tetany

Question 33

The symptoms of metabolic and respiratory alkalosis are result of low __ and __

Answer 33

calcium and potassium

Question 34

Alkalosis manifestations - cardovascular

Answer 34

increased HR thready pulse hypotension

Question 35

Alkalosis manifestations - respiratory

Answer 35

resp rate increased