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Chapter 14 > Acid-Base > Flashcards

Acid-Base Flashcards

1
Q

Substance that releases H+ ion when dissolved in water

A

acid

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2
Q

Substance that binds free H+ ions in solution

A

base

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3
Q

Most common base in body

A

HCO3- (bicarbonate)

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4
Q

Most common acid in body

A

H2CO3- (carbonic acid)

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5
Q

Ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate

A

1:20

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6
Q

What organ controls bicarbonate levels?

A

kidneys

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7
Q

What organ controls carbon dioxide?

A

lungs

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8
Q

How is CO2 formed?

A

carbohydrate metabolism

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9
Q

Incomplete breakdown of fatty acids that are metabolized are called

A

ketoacids

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10
Q

Once bicarbonate is in the ECF, it is kept at a level ___ times greater than that of carbonic acid

A

20

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11
Q

What are buffers composed of?

A

Chemicals or proteins

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12
Q

Two common chemical buffers?

A

Bicarbonate and phosphate

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13
Q

Major cell protein buffer?

A

Hemoglobin

H+ binds to hemoglobin, resulting in fewer H+ ions in the blood, bringing pH back to normal.

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14
Q

Second line of defense when chemical buffers cannot prevent change in blood pH

A

Respiratory system

Breathing controls Amt of free hydrogen ions by controlling amt of CO2 in arterial blood.

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15
Q

What causes hyperventilation?

A

CO2 is elevated in brain blood and tissue. Receptors trigger neurons to increase rate and depth of breathing.

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16
Q

What causes hypoventilation?

A

CO2 in ECF is too low. Respiratory rate and depth are decreased

17
Q

Which response is faster to balance acid/base?

A

Respiratory (done within minutes)

18
Q

How long does it take for kidney’s actions to respond?

A

24-48 hours

19
Q

What actions does kidney do for acid/base control?

A
  1. Movement of bicarbonate
  2. Formation of acids
  3. Formation of ammonium
20
Q

How is bicarbonate moved in kidneys?

A

Reabsorbed from kidneys back in to circulation, instead of being excreted in urine.

21
Q

When does kidney compensation occur?

A

When respiratory system is overwhelmed or not healthy.

22
Q

Too many hydrogen ions present is called ___

A

acidosis

23
Q

Four processes that can result in metabolic acidosis

A
  1. Overproduction of H+ ions
  2. Undereilmination of H+ ions
  3. Underproduction of HCO3- ions
  4. Overelimination of HCO3- ions
24
Q

Acidosis manifestations - cardiovascular

A

Increased HR and cardiac output
Decreased HR (as acidosis worsens)
Hypotension
Peripheral pulses may be difficult to find

25
Q

Acidosis manifestations - CNS

A

Lethargy
Confusion
Unresponsiveness (as acidosis worsens)

26
Q

Acidosis manifestation - neuromuscular

A

Reduced muscle tone & deep tendon reflexes

27
Q

Acidosis manifestation - respiratory

A

Deep, rapid breaths (Kussmaul respirations) in metabolic

Shallow and rapid breath in respiratory

28
Q

Acidosis manifestation - skin

A

Metabolic: warm, dry pink

Respiratory: pale to cyanotic

29
Q

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

A
  1. Antacid ingestion
  2. Blood transfusion
  3. TPN
  4. Prolonged vomiting (alk alk alkalosis)
30
Q

Causes of respiratory alkalosis

A
  1. Hyperventilation (blowing off too much CO2)
  2. ASA toxicity
  3. shock
  4. High altitudes
31
Q

Alkalosis manifestation - CNS

A

dizziness
confusion
hyperreflexia
trousseau and chvostek signs

32
Q

Alkalosis manifestations - neuromuscular

A

cramps
twitching
tetany

33
Q

The symptoms of metabolic and respiratory alkalosis are result of low __ and __

A

calcium and potassium

34
Q

Alkalosis manifestations - cardovascular

A

increased HR
thready pulse
hypotension

35
Q

Alkalosis manifestations - respiratory

A

resp rate increased

Chapter 14 (1 decks)

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