acid/base

Question 1

anion gap

Answer 1

Na - (Cl - HCO3)

Question 2

4 major causes of anion gap metabolic acidosis

Answer 2

lactate
toxins
ketones
renal failure

Question 3

how to d/t etiology of metabolic acidosis

Answer 3

anion gap

delta gap ratio

Question 4

causes of resp acid

Answer 4

inadequate alveolar ventilation (CNS problems, neuromuscular issues, airway obstruction, sedation)
over production of CO2

Question 5

causes of non-anion gap metabolic acidosis

Answer 5

HARDUP

hyperchloremia
acetazolamide, Addison’s
renal tubular acidosis
diarrhea, vomiting, ileostomy, fistula
ureteroenterostomies
pancreatoenterostomies

Question 6

how to determine etiology of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 6

saline responsive (Urine Cl<25)
non-saline responsive (Urine Cl>40)

Question 7

causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 7

diuretic therapy/hypoK, renal salt wasting, GI alkalosis (NGT, EMESIS, emesis, diarrhea, antacids), hyperaldosteronism, exogenous mineralocorticoids

Question 8

causes of resp alk

Answer 8

central - head injury, anxiety, drugs, tumors

pulm - PE, pneumonia, asthma, ILD

iatrogenic - over-ventilation

hypoxia, sepsis, cirrhosis

Question 9

normal HCO3

Answer 9

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