Acetylcholine

Question 1

Synthesis of Ach

Answer 1

1. Choline absorbed into cell (from diet and liver)
2. Acetyl-CoA is produced by glucose
3. ChAT combines the two forming CoA and Ach

Question 2

Purpose of VAchT

Answer 2

transports Ach into vesicles

Question 3

what inhibits VAchT?

Answer 3

vesimicol

Question 4

What is the purpose of AchE?

Answer 4

Degrades Ach into choline and acetic acid

Question 5

What inhibits AchE?

Answer 5

serine

Question 6

What is the purpose of auto receptors for Ach?

Answer 6

modulate and block the release of Ach

Question 7

What is the purpose of choline transporters?

Answer 7

reuptake of choline

Question 8

Where is Ach found in brain?

Answer 8

Dorsolateral Pons, Striatum, Basal Forebrain

Question 8

Nuclei of Dorsolateral Pons

Answer 8

LDTg, PPTg

Question 8

function of striatum

Answer 8

balance of Ach and DA levels, motor control

Question 9

function of dorsolateral pons and Ach

Answer 9

excite DA in VTA, reward and REM sleep

Question 9

neurons involved in striatum

Answer 9

interneurons

Question 10

projections of basal forebrain for Ach

Answer 10

cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, limbic system

Question 11

function of basal forebrain and Ach

Answer 11

learning and memory

Question 12

Locations of Ach in PNS

Answer 12

somatic: striated muscle fibers (NMJ)
parasympathetic: sacral and cranial nerves
sympathetic

Question 13

location / function of nicotinic receptors

Answer 13

presynaptic nerve terminals, NMJ , postsynaptic receptors in brain, autoreceptors

Question 14

describe nicotinic receptors

Answer 14

ionotropic, excitatory, pentameric structure

Question 15

describe muscarinic receptors

Answer 15

odd: excitatory, IP3/DAG
even: inhibitory, autoreceptors

Question 16

location of muscarinic receptors

Answer 16

neocortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, striatum, basal forebrain, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, secretory glands

Question 17

what is densensitization block?

Answer 17

when the resting potential of a membrane is lost and a cell can’t be excited till agonst is removed and the membrane is repolarized

Question 18

whats the use for desensitization?

Answer 18

protective mechanism to prevent overactivation

Question 19

5 functions of Ach

Answer 19

1. autonomic functions: parasympathetic tone
2. Voluntary movement - basal ganglia, NMJ
3. Reward, appetite motivation
4. Cognition: learning and memory
5. REM sleep

Question 20

Ach: Drug that serves as NT precurosor

Answer 20

choline-rich foods

Question 21

Ach: drug that prevents storage of Ach in vesicles

Answer 21

vesamicol

Question 22

Ach: drug that stimulates release of NT

Answer 22

black widow spider venom

Question 23

Ach: drug that inhibits release of NT

Answer 23

botulinum

Question 24

Ach: drug that stimulates post-synaptic receptors

Answer 24

nicotine

Question 25

Ach: drug blocks post-synaptic receptors

Answer 25

atropine

Question 26

Ach: drug stimulates autoreceptors

Answer 26

muscarine

Question 27

Ach: drug that blocks autoreceptors

Answer 27

scopolamine

Question 28

Ach: drug inhibits NT degredations

Answer 28

serine, neostigimine

Question 29

Ach: drug blocks reuptake

Answer 29

HC-3

Question 30

Because cholinergic interneurons are clustered in the _______, changes in cholinergic function can affect _______. a. striatum; emotional responses b. thalamus; temperature regulation c. striatum; movement d. amygdala; emotional responses

Answer 30

c. striatum; movement

Question 31

LDTg and PPTg cells a. send cholinergic projections to midbrain dopamine cell groups and to thalamic areas. b. send cholinergic projections to many forebrain structures. c. utilize dopaminergic signals to control cholinergic cell function. d. are cholinergic interneurons.

Answer 31

a. send cholinergic projections to midbrain dopamine cell groups and to thalamic areas.

Question 32

Myasthenia gravis Question 3Answer a. should be treated by neostigmine because it crosses the blood–brain barrier. b. involves a low production of acetylcholine. c. involves an autoimmune process that destroys acetylcholine receptors. d. is best treated by chemicals such as soman.

Answer 32

c. involves an autoimmune process that destroys acetylcholine receptors.

Question 33

With continuous exposure to _______, nicotinic receptors become _______. a. antagonist; resensitized b. agonist; desensitized c. agonist; blocked to depolarization d. antagonist; desensitized

Answer 33

b. agonist; desensitized

Question 34

Which of the following is the most severe toxin involving acetylcholine? Question 5Answer a. Botulinum b. Black widow spider venom c. Prairie rattlesnake venom d. Hemicholinium-3 (HC-3)

Answer 34

a. Botulinum