Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmaceutical Analysis Lab > Acetaminophen > Flashcards

Acetaminophen Flashcards

1
Q

What is acetaminophen?

A

The inhibition an analgesic and antipyretic agent commonly used in many OTC medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are it’s effects believed to be related to?

A

The inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase, a mechanism shared by ASA and other related drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does it produce an analgesic effect?

A

It is postulated that the analgesic effect is produced by elevation of the pain threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does it produce an antipyretic effect?

A

It is produced through action on hypothalamic heat-regulating center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Acetaminophen is considered equipotent to _____ in its analgesic and antipyretic effects, but is unlikely to produce many of the side effects associated with ____

(same word)

A

ASA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Does acetaminophen have any anti-inflammatory effect?

A

No way jose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is acetaminophen used for?

A
  • MSK pain
  • headache
  • earache
  • low back pain
  • arthritis
  • dysmenorrhea
  • myalgias and neuralgias
  • symptomatic reduction of fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What types of medications are commonly found in composite acetaminophen preparations ?

A
  • aspirin
  • caffeine
  • chlorpheniramine
  • codeine
  • destromethrophan
  • diphenhydramine
  • pseudoephedrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What advantages do tablets offer the manufacturer ?

A
  • economic
  • stable
  • convenient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What advantages do tablets offer the consumer?

A
  • accuracy
  • portability
  • convenience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe:

Diluents

A

They are used to increase the mass of tablets in order to make the formulation a practical size for compression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List some common diluents

A
  • dicalcium phosphate
  • calcium sulfate
  • lactose
  • cellulose
  • mannitol
  • sodium chloride
  • starch and powdered sugar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe:

Binders

A

They are used to improve free-flowing qualities of the granules and to impart cohesiveness to the tablets so that the preparation remains intact with desired hardness and size after compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List some commonly used binders

A
  • starch
  • gelatin
  • sugars (sucrose, dextrose, molasses, etc.)
  • natural and synthetic gums (acacia, sodium, alginate, etc)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe:

Lubricants

A

They prevent adhesion of tablet material to the surface of dies and punches, reduce inter particle friction, improve flowing rate of the tablet granules and facilitate ejection of the tablets from the die cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List some commonly used lubricants

A
  • talc
  • magnesium stearate
  • stearic acid
  • hydrogenated vegetable oils
  • polyethylene glycol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe:

Disintegrants

A

They are able to absorb water rapidly and increase their size afterwards, so that tablets can break up or disintegrate after administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List some commonly used disintegrants

A
  • starches
  • celluloses
  • algins
  • crosslinked polymers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe:

Glidants

A

substances that improve the flow characteristics of a powder mixture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe:

Colorants

A

substances that provide more appealing appearance to the preparation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe:

Flavoring agents

A

substances that add extra flavours to special tablets such as chewable tablets and effervescent tablets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

______ ______ tablets use specific polymers or coating materials to achieve modified drug release properties

A

controlled release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the most widely used tableting procedure?

A

wet granulation

-bc it provides desirable physical characteristics to tablet granules to facilitate quality compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is included in a complete cycle of wet granulation?

A
  • weighing
  • mixing
  • granulating
  • wet screening
  • drying
  • dry screening
  • lubricating
  • compressing
25
Q

For ____-____ Granulation, mixing, granulating and drying are processed in a single piece of equipment (fluid-bed granulator).

A

Fluid-Bed

26
Q

What is Dry Granulation?

A

(also known as recompression or double compression) - eliminates the use of a granulation fluid, so that no moisture or high temperature is applied to sensitive active ingredients.

27
Q

Dry granulation has been replaced by ?

A

Direct compression

28
Q

What is Direct Compression?

A

involves mixing and compressing, which can shorten the processing time and reduce the production equipment and cost in tablet manufacture

29
Q

Compresse tablets are characterized by a number of specifications: They include ?

A

-tablet size, shape, thickness, weight, hardness, drug content and uniformity, drug disintegration and dissolution

30
Q

What is the purpose of quality control ?

A

Sufficient quality control testing is carried out by the manufacturers over the production process to assure tablet quality and batch-to-batch reproducibility.

31
Q

Describe:

Tablet Hardness

A

The resistance of a tablet to chipping, abrasion and/or breakage under conditions of storage, transportation and handling before administration depends on its hardness.

32
Q

How do you measure hardness?

A

Measurement of a tablet hardness is performed throughout the tableting process to determine the need for pressure adjustment on a tableting machine.

33
Q

If a tablet is too hard .. ?

A

it may not meet the disintegration and/or dissolution requirements

34
Q

If a tablet is too soft .. ?

A

it will not withstand handling conditions during subsequent processing such as coating, packaging and shipping

35
Q

Describe:

Tablet Friability

A

Friability evaluates the ability of a tablet to withstand abrasion during packaging, handling and shipping.

36
Q

How is tablet friability tested?

A

After a given number of rotations and free falls in a friability apparatus, tablets are weighed and the weight loss will indicate the ability of the preparation to withstand this type of wear.

37
Q

How is friability testing different from hardness testing ?

A

friability test is normally conducted using finished tablet products

38
Q

Describe:

Content Uniformity

A

In order to ensure that every tablet within a batch of product contains the correct drug amount with little variation, content uniformity is tested for some tablet preparations, partially those containing small amounts of active ingredients or have small tablet weight (less than 50 mg).

39
Q

What is key to achieving desirable content uniformity ?

A

Appropriate dilution and mixing of the active ingredient with other additives

40
Q

Describe:

Tablet Disintegration

A

The disintegration test tells how fast a tablet breaks into small particles once in contact with a medium.

41
Q

To be _______, a drug substance must be in solution first

A

absorbed

42
Q

Why is the disintegration test useful?

A

Useful for manufacturers as a quality assurance tool to measure batch-to-batch production reproducibility.

43
Q

What types of dosage forms is the disintegration test applied to?

A

conventional oral dosage forms such as compressed tablets, film-coated tablets, enteric-coated tablets, buccal/SL tablets and soft/hard gelatin capsules.

44
Q

Since drug absorption and bioavailability directly depend on drug substance in _______ state, drug dissolution from a solid dosage form is more important than disintegration in reflecting satisfactory preparation properties.

A

dissolved

45
Q

Similar to the disintegration test, the _____ test is a type of in vitro study that measures the amount of time required for a given percentage of drug substance in a tablet to go into solution under specific conditions.

A

dissolution

46
Q

Dissolution testing is one step forward to disintegration testing … why ?

A

because it determines the physiological availability of an active ingredient instead of the breakage of a solid preparation

47
Q

Why was Avicel (microcrystalline cellulose) added?

A

diluent or disintegrant ?

48
Q

Why was Explotab (sodium starch glycolate) added?

A

binder or diluent or disintegrant ?

49
Q

Why was magnesium stearate added?

A

lubricant

50
Q

Why was talc added?

A

lubricant

51
Q

Why was granulating solution added?

A

to granulate the tablets ?

52
Q

Why did we make for 160 tabs instead of 150 ?

A

to compensate for mass loss during wet granulation processing

53
Q

The average hardness should be between ______

A

10-15 kg

54
Q

How did we test the friability of the tablets?

A
  • Weight tablet first
  • Spin in friability apparatus at 25+/- rpm for 4 minutes (100 rotations)
  • Weigh tablet after

Weight loss should be less than 0.8%

55
Q

What are the parameters for testing weight uniformity ?

A

To pass this test, no more than one tablet should differ from the average weight by more than 5% and no tablet should differ by more than 10%.

56
Q

How did we test tablet content ?

A

-Take 10 tablets
-Weight the tablets using analytical balance and calculate average tablet weight
-Grind tablets into powder
-Weight out a portion equivalent to 50 mg of acetaminophen
(avg tablet weight = 0.3947 g)
0.3947 g = 325 mg acetaminophen
x g = 50 mg acetaminophen

x = 0.0607 g

  • put this amount into 200 mL volumetric flask
  • fill with water, mix
  • transfer 1 mL of filtrate into 25 mL volumetric flask
  • fill with water to 25 mL mark

-measure and record UV absorbance of the solution at 249 nm, using distilled water as the blank

57
Q

Criteria for passing tablet content test?

A

The tablets should contain not less than 90% and not more than 110% of the labelled amount of acetaminophen.

58
Q

Describe the dissolution test

A
  • Weighed 2 tablets
  • Placed them into separate dissolution vessels and started counting dissolution time
  • Withdraw 3 mL of dissolution medium at 15 and 30 mins using a disposable syringe
  • Pass sample through Nalgene filter membrane and collection the filtrate into a small test tube
  • Replenish with 3 mL of fresh dissolution medium into the dissolution vessel after each sampling
  • Pipette 1 mL into 25 mL volumetric flask and dilute
  • Measure absorbance at 249 nm using distilled water as the blank control

**Calculate amount of acetaminophen dissolved using standard curve provided.
FIGURE OUT HOW TO DO IT

59
Q

How does a tablet pass the dissolution test?

A

Not less than 80% of the labelled amount of acetaminophen is dissolved in 30 minutes.

Pharmaceutical Analysis Lab (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions