ACES Flashcards
In the United States, Public Law 111-256 (Rosa’s Law) changed all references to “mental retardation” in federal laws to “intellectual disability.”
Onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains.
Intellectual Developmental Disorders
changed all references to “__________” in federal laws to “intellectual disability.”
Mental retardation
(reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience) confirmed by both clinical assessment and individualized, standardized intelligence testing.
Deficits in intellectual functions
Intellectual Developmental Disorders result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards.
Onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits during the developmental period.
B. Deficits in adaptive functioning
What is the primary basis for defining specifiers and factor determines the level of support required for an individual ?
Adaptive functioning
Overly high scores due to out-of-date test norms
Flynn effect
Communication, language, and/or motor or sensory function disorders
disorders can affect test scores
Using clinical evaluation and individualized, culturally appropriate, psychometrically sound measures
adaptive functioning assessed?
Adaptive functioning is assessed using both ________ and ________, culturally appropriate, psychometrically sound measures.
clinical evaluation; individualized
What are the following are associated difficulties with this heterogeneous condition of Intellectual Developmental Disorders?
- Social judgment
- Assessment of risk
- Self-management of behavior and emotions
● overall general population prevalence of approximately 10 per 1,000; however.
● Global prevalence varies by country and level of development, being approximately 16 per 1,000 in middle-income countries and 9 per 1,000 in high-income countries.
Prevalence Intellectual Developmental Disorders
What developmental milestones may be delayed and identifiable within the first 2 years of life in severe cases of intellectual developmental disorders?
- Motor milestones
- Language milestones
- Social milestones
What term is used for children younger than 5 years who have deficits that will eventually meet the criteria for intellectual developmental disorder
Global developmental delay
Syndromes are associated with intellectual developmental disorders?
Down Syndrome
Rett syndrome
Sanfilippo syndrome
● Genetic and Physiological:
Prenatal etiologies include genetic syndrome.
Perinatal causes include a variety of labor and delivery–related events leading to neonatal encephalopathy.
Risk and Prognostic Factors of IDD
What gender is more likely to be diagnosed with intellectual developmental disorders, both mild and severe?
Males
What are the conditions frequently co-occur with intellectual developmental disorders?
- Mental disorders
- Cerebral palsy
- Epilepsy
This category is reserved for individuals OVER the age of 5 years when assessment of the
degree of intellectual developmental disorder.
Unspecified Intellectual Developmental Disorder (Intellectual Disability)
Persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language across modalities
Language abilities are substantially and quantifiably below those expected for age, resulting in functional limitations in effective communication, social participation, and academic achievement.
Onset of symptoms is in the early developmental period.
The difficulties are not attributable to hearing or other sensory impairment, motor dysfunction.
language disorder
(word knowledge and use) in Language disorder.
Reduced vocabulary
(ability to put words and word endings together to form sentences in language disorder.
Limited sentence structure
ability to use vocabulary and connect sentences to explain or describe a topic in language disorder
Impairments in discourse
● can be adept at accommodating to their limited language.
● may appear to be shy or reticent to talk.
● Affected individuals may prefer to communicate only with family members
● may co-occur with speech sound disorder
Associated Features language disorder
At what age does language disorder typically emerge?
Early developmental period
What age language disorder is diagnosed, It remains stable and typically persists into adulthood that is likely regarding its stability and persistence over time?
from 4 years of age
● Children with receptive language impairments have a poorer prognosis.
● Genetic and physiological. Language disorders are highly heritable.
Risk and Prognostic Factors of language disorder
This distinction may be difficult to make before 4 years of age.
Normal variations in language
Hearing impairment needs to be excluded as the primary cause of language difficulties.
Hearing or other sensory impairment
What condition is often characterized by language delay as the presenting feature pf language disorder
Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)
Which neurological disorder may be considered in the differential diagnosis of language disorder?
Epilepsy
Language regression, characterized by loss of speech and language in a child younger than 3 years, is often indicative of which disorder?
Autism spectrum disorder
What are the following disorders is language disorder strongly associated with?
- Specific learning disorder
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- Autism spectrum disorder
- Developmental coordination disorder
Interference with speech intelligibility
speech sound disorder
At what age should typically developing children have overall intelligible speech according to the provided information?
4 years
- Persistent difficulty with speech sound production that interferes with speech intelligibility.
- The disturbance causes limitations in effective communication.
- Onset of symptoms is in the early developmental period.
- The difficulties are not attributable to congenital or acquired conditions.
Speech Sound Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
should be considered in the differential diagnosis of speech sound disorder, involving variations in speech influenced by regional, social, or cultural/ethnic factors?
Normal variations in speech
What condition may result in abnormalities of speech due to hearing impairment or deafness?
Structural deficits
Speech impairment may be attributable to a motor disorder, such as cerebral palsy.
Dysarthria.
Limited use of speech may be a sign of this
Selective mutism
Disturbances in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that are inappropriate for the individual’s age and language skills.
• Sound and syllable repetitions.
• Sound prolongations of consonants as well as vowels.
• Words produced with an excess of physical tension.
- The disturbance causes anxiety about speaking or limitations in effective communication.
- The onset of symptoms is in the early developmental period.
- The disturbance is not attributable to a speech-motor or sensory deficit.
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering) (e.g., pauses within a word).
Broken words
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (filled or unfilled pauses in speech).
Audible or silent blocking
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (word substitutions to avoid problematic words).
Circumlocutions
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (e.g., “I-I-I-I see him”).
Monosyllabic whole-word repetitions
When is dysfluency often absent in individuals with childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)?
During oral reading singing talking to inanimate objects or to pets.
How might individuals with childhood-onset fluency disorder attempt to avoid dysfluencies?
Through linguistic mechanisms
Which of the following associated features is commonly observed in childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering), where the speaker may anticipate the problem with fear?
Fearful anticipation of the problem
By what age does childhood-onset fluency disorder typically occur for 80%–90% of affected individuals?
Age 6
What is the age range for the onset of childhood-onset fluency disorder, also known as developmental stuttering?
2 to 7 years
Dysfluencies of speech may be associated with a hearing impairment or other
sensory deficit
The disorder distinguished because of this, that occur frequently in young children.
Normal speech dysfluencies
What condition must childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering) be distinguished from, which are normal dysfluencies frequently occurring in young children?
Normal speech dysfluencies
When differentiating childhood-onset fluency disorder from Tourette’s disorder, what distinguishing feature should be considered?
Vocal tics and repetitive vocalizations
If onset of dysfluencies is during or after adolescence, it is an ?
adult-onset dysfluency
Impairment of the ability to change communication to match context or the needs of the listener manifestations of persistent difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication in?
social (pragmatic) communication disorder
When do the symptoms of social (pragmatic) communication disorder typically onset?
In the early developmental period
What is the most common associated feature of social (pragmatic) communication disorder?
Language impairment
At what age is social (pragmatic) communication disorder considered rare among children?
Younger than 4 years
By what age should most children have developed adequate speech and language abilities to allow identification of specific deficits in social communication?
Age 4 or 5 years
Which condition is the primary diagnostic consideration for individuals presenting with social communication deficits, overlapping with symptoms of social (pragmatic) communication disorder?
Autism spectrum disorder
What disorder may cause impairments in social communication and functional limitations due to its primary deficits?
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, - Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests.
- Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in focus.
- Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.
- Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period.
- Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning.
- These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual developmental disorder or global developmental delay.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
In Autism spectrum disorder for example, from abnormal social approach and failure of normal back-and-forth conversation.
Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity
In Autism spectrum disorder for example, abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understanding and use of gestures.
Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction
In Autism spectrum disorder for example, difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends.
Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships
What is an example of stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech
flipping objects
What is an examples of Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines
Greeting rituals
Fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence.
Delusions
Belief that one is going to be harmed, harassed by an individual, organization, or other group.
Persecutory delusions
Belief that certain gestures, comments, environmental cues, directed at oneself.
Referential delusions
When an individual believes that they has exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame.
Grandiose delusions
Individual believes falsely that another person is in love with him or her.
Erotomanic delusions
A major catastrophe will occur.
Nihilistic delusions
Preoccupations regarding health and organ function.
Somatic delusions
Belief that one’s thoughts have been “removed” by some outside force.
Thought withdrawal
Alien thoughts have been put into one’s mind.
Thought Insertion
Manipulated by some outside force.
Delusions of control
Perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus.
Hallucinations
Occur while falling asleep.
Hypnagogic
Waking up.
Hypnopompic
Typically inferred from the individual’s speech.
Disorganized thinking
Individual may switch from one topic to another.
Derailment
Answers to questions may be obliquely related or completely unrelated.
Tangentiality
Ranging from childlike “silliness” to unpredictable agitation.
Grossly disorganized
A marked decrease in reactivity to the environment.
Catatonic behavior
Resistance to instructions.
Negativism
A complete lack of verbal and motor responses.
Mutism and Stupor.
Reduction in the expressions of emotions (eye contact, intonation of speech).
Diminished emotional expression
Decrease in motivated self- initiated purposeful activities.
Avolition
Manifested by diminished speech output.
Alogia
Decreased ability to experience pleasure from positive stimuli.
Anhedonia
Apparent lack of interest in social interactions
Asociality
What is the minimum duration required for the presence of delusions in delusional disorder?
1 month
Which criterion distinguishes delusional disorder from schizophrenia?
Duration of symptoms
Applies when the central theme of the delusion is that another person is in love with the individual.
Erotomanic type
Having made some important discovery.
Grandiose type
Individual’s delusion that his or her spouse or lover is unfaithful.
Jealous type
Individual’s belief that he or she is being conspired against.
Persecutory type
Involves bodily functions or sensations
Somatic type
When no one delusional theme predominates
Mixed type
Dominant delusional belief not described in the specific types.
Unspecified type
Which phase of delusional disorder is defined as a period in which the symptom criteria are fulfilled for the first episode, with the disorder currently at its peak?
First episode, currently in acute episode
Which phase of delusional disorder refers to a period during which there is improvement after a previous acute episode, but the defining criteria of the disorder are only partially fulfilled?
First episode, currently in partial remission
Which phase of delusional disorder indicates a period after a previous episode during which no disorder-specific symptoms are present?
First episode, currently in full remission
symptoms must be present (at least one of these) for the diagnosis of brief of _______
- Hallucinations
- Delusions
- Disorganized speech
- Grossly disorganized behavior
psychotic disorder
What is the required duration for an episode of brief psychotic disorder?
At least 1 day but less than 1 month
What condition must be ruled out before diagnosing brief psychotic disorder?
Major depressive disorder with psychotic features
Which specifier for brief psychotic disorder indicates that symptoms occur in response to markedly stressful events?
With marked stressor
Which specifier for brief psychotic disorder should be used if the symptoms do not occur in response to markedly stressful events?
Without marked stressor
Which specifier for brief psychotic disorder indicates that the onset is during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum?**
With postpartum onset
Which specifier for brief psychotic disorder should be used if the patient meets the criteria for catatonia associated with another mental disorder?
With catatonia
For a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder, how many of the following symptoms must be present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period, and which three are essential?
At least one of the following: Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech
What is the required duration for an episode of schizophreniform disorder?
At least 1 month but less than 6 months
