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ACE Personal Fitness Training > ACE PTM Ch. 8 - Physiological Assessments > Flashcards

ACE PTM Ch. 8 - Physiological Assessments Flashcards

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1
Q

List some key focuses of common health related assessments.

A
  • Cardiorespiratory fitness
  • Body composition & anthropometry
  • Muscular endurance
  • Muscular strength
  • Flexibility
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2
Q

Define anthropometry.

A

The scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body.

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3
Q

What does a cardiorespiratory fitness test measure?

A
  • Overall functioning of the heart and lungs

- Efficiency of the cardiovascular system in delivering oxygen to working muscles

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4
Q

What does a muscular endurance test measure?

A

The ability of muscle groups to sustain repeated activity and withstand fatigue.

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5
Q

What does a muscular strength test measure?

A

The ability of a muscle to overcome external resistance.

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6
Q

What does a flexibility test measure?

A

The range of motion (ROM) of a given joint or group of joints, or the level of tissue extensibility that a muscle group possesses.

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7
Q

Name some key focuses of common skill related assessments.

A
  • Anaerobic power
  • Anaerobic capacity
  • Speed
  • Agility
  • Reactivity
  • Coordination
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8
Q

What does an anaerobic power test measure?

A

The amount of work performed in a given unit of time (usually represents one single and explosive bout, event or repetition performed at maximal efforts)

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9
Q

What does an anaerobic capacity test measure?

A

The sustainability of power output for brief periods of time.

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10
Q

What does an agility test measure, and what three stages does agility testing involve?

A

How accurately and rapidly a person can change direction. Acceleration, stabilization, and deceleration.

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11
Q

What is reactivity?

A

The rate at which an individual responds to a stimulus.

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12
Q

What is coordination?

A

The ability of an individual to complete complex movements while providing accurate responses in both timing and intensity.

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13
Q

What is important to be aware of during the administration of any exercise test involving exertion?

A

Any identifiable signs of symptoms that merit immediate test termination.

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14
Q

What signs and symptoms merit immediate exercise test termination?

A

-Angina, chest pain or angina-like symptoms
-Significant drop (>10mmHg) in SBP despite increase in exercise intensity
-Excessive rise in BP: SBP reaches .250 mmHg or DBP reaches >115 mmHg
-Excess fatigue, shortness of breath or wheezing (heavy breathing is ok)
-Signs of poor perfusion: lightheadedness, pallor (paleness), cyanosis (bluish coloration), nausea, or cold
and clammy skin
-Increased nervous system symptoms: ataxia, dizziness, confusion, or syncope
-Leg cramping or claudication
-Subject requests to stop
-Physical or verbal manifestations of severe fatigue
-Failure of testing equipment

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15
Q

What is considered the most practical assessment tool for measuring body composition in the fitness setting, and why?

A

Skinfold measurements. Ease of administration and low cost.

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16
Q

Why is it extremely important that a trainer demonstrate strong skills and reliability when assessing body composition?

A

A body composition score can be critical to a client’s psyche or motivational levels.

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17
Q

Anthropometric measures include what?

A

Measurements of height, weight and/or circumference to assess body size or dimension.

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18
Q

When does the margin of error increase with skinfold measurements?

A

When the trainer is unfamiliar with identifying exact skinfold locations or lacks experience or technique in correctly grasping the skinfold site.

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19
Q

What is WHR?

A

Waist to hip ratio.

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20
Q

Name two common anthropometric measures that demonstrate strong correlations to health, morbidity and mortality.

A

BMI and WHR. These are only estimations.

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21
Q

What does body composition refer to?

A

The proportion of lean tissue to body fat tissue.

22
Q

Lean body mass (LBM) is composed of:

A
  • Muscles
  • Connective tissue
  • Bones
  • Blood
  • Nervous tissue
  • Skin
  • Organs
23
Q

LBM means:

A

Lean body mass.

24
Q

A certain amount of body fat is necessary for:

A
  • Insulation and thermoregulation
  • Hormone production
  • Cushioning of vital organs
  • Maintenance of certain body functions
25
Q

What is the normal amount of essential body fat for males and females?

A

Males: between 2 and 5%
Females: between 10 & 13%

26
Q

Where is the remainder of fat, other than essential body fat, stored in the body?

A

Adipose tissue: either subcutaneously or viscerally.

27
Q

Why is it important to differentiate between overweight and overfat?

A

Excess body weight could be attributed to either fat mass or lean tissue.

28
Q

What conditions has excess body fat been linked to?

A
  • CAD
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Diabetes
  • Breast, colon, and endometrial cancer
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Low back dysfunction
  • Sleep apnea
  • Premature death
29
Q

What percentage of clients join a fitness center and cite weight management as a top reason for their membership?

A

50%.

30
Q

Regarding body composition assessments, what may a trainer need to say to instruct or remind clients?

A

1) Wear appropriate clothing for assessment
2) Clothing may change as body composition changes
3) The scale does not measure body composition changes

31
Q

Explain Bioelectrical Impedence Analysis (BIA).

A
  • Primarily lab setting; less sophisticated devices in fitness setting.
  • Measures electrical signals as they pass through fat, lean mass, and water in the body.
  • Optimal hydration is necessary for accurate results.
32
Q

Explain Air Displacement Plethysmography (ADP).

A
  • aka “Bod Pod”
  • Egg shaped chamber that measures displaced air
  • High accuracy rate but expensive equipment
  • Marketed for fitness facilities
  • Not accurate with obese clients
33
Q

BIA stands for:

A

Bioelectrical impedance analysis.

34
Q

ADP stands for:

A

Air displacement plethysmography.

35
Q

Explain Dual-energy X Ray Absorptiometry (DXA).

A
  • Typically in clinical settings; sometimes universities
  • Most accurate and precise method
  • Scans whole body; x-ray reads bone & soft tissue mass
  • Can identify regional BF distribution
  • Not accurate with obese clients
36
Q

DXA stands for:

A

Dual-energy X Ray Absorptiometry.

37
Q

Explain hydrostatic weighing.

A
  • Underwater weighing, measures displaced water
  • Gold standard
  • May be found in physiology dept at universities
38
Q

Explain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

A
  • Uses magnetic fields to assess how much fat and where

- Clinical setting, not practical otherwise

39
Q

MRI stands for:

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

40
Q

Explain Near-Infrared Interactance (NIR).

A
  • Uses a fiber optic probe connected to a digital analyzer that measures fat and water indirectly
  • Biceps are the typical site of measurement
  • Calculations are then plugged into an equation
  • Inexpensive & fast, not as accurate
  • Not accurate with obese clients
  • ie: Futrex
41
Q

NIR stands for:

A

Near-Infrared Interactance.

42
Q

Explain Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC).

A
  • Uses electromagnetic force field to assess relative BF

- Found in clinical and research settings; not practical otherwise

43
Q

TOBEC stands for:

A

Total Body Electrical Conductivity.

44
Q

What three body composition assessments are not accurate for obese clients?

A
  • Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)
  • Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)
  • Near-Infrared Interactance (NIR)
45
Q

What is the gold standard for body composition assessments?

A

Hydrostatic (underwater) weighing

46
Q

What percentage of an average person’s body fat is subcutaneous?

A

50%.

47
Q

In general, the skinfold caliper method produces a measurement that compares to hydrostatic weighing how?

A

Calipers measure +2.0 to 3.5% of hydrostatic weighing.

48
Q

Inexperience, poor technique, an extremely obese or thin client, or improper calibration can cause an error for skinfold caliper measurements that can range as high as:

A

6 to 8%.

49
Q

What 3 things can lead to a larger error in skinfold caliper measurement?

A
  • Trainer inexperience or poor technique
  • Extremely obese or thin client
  • Improper calibration of calipers
50
Q

Jackson & Pollock three site skinfold locations for males:

A

Chest
Thigh
Abdominal

51
Q

Jackson & Pollock three site skinfold locations for females:

A

Triceps
Thigh
Suprailium

ACE Personal Fitness Training (4 decks)

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