ACE Inhibitors

Question 1

Blood pressure is a (a)_______ risk factor in (b)______ and (c)______

Answer 1

(a) modifiable
(b) atherosclerosis
(c) CVD

Question 2

What are some modifiable risk factors of CVD?

Answer 2

Smoking, dyslipidaemia, raised blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dietary factors, thrombogenic factors, lack of exercise, excess alcohol consumption

Question 3

What are non-modifiable risk factors of CVD?

Answer 3

Personal CVD history, family CVD history, age, gender

Question 4

What are the four sites that blood pressure in regulated?

Answer 4

1. Resistance in arterioles (from the heart)
2. Capacity in venules (to the heart)
3. Pump (heart)
4. Kidney: regulates the volume of intravascular fluid

Question 5

What is blood pressure proportional too

Answer 5

Blood flow (cardiac output) and resistance to passage of blood through arteries (peripheral vascular resistance)

Question 6

Which regulation factor for blood pressure is ‘high’ in hypertensive individuals?

Answer 6

Renal blood volume-pressure control system (kidney)

Question 7

What is primary hypertension?

Answer 7

High blood pressure with unknown aetiology

Question 8

What is secondary hypertension?

Answer 8

Associated with a specific disorder

Question 9

What is congestive heart failure?

Answer 9

The heart is unable to supply blood at a rate sufficient to meet body demands

Question 10

What does the renin-angiotensin pathway regulate?

Answer 10

Blood volume, electrolyte balance and arterial blood pressure

Question 11

What tissues does Ca-channel blockers work on?

Answer 11

Resistance in arterioles (from the heart) and the heart itself

Question 12

What tissues does beta blockers work on?

Answer 12

The heart

Question 13

What tissues does thiazides, diuretics, work on?

Answer 13

Kidney

Question 14

What tissues do ACE inhibitors work on?

Answer 14

Kidney

Question 15

What tissue do ARBs work on?

Answer 15

Kidney

Question 16

Mode of action of beta blockers?

Answer 16

Decreased cardiac output and decreases arterial bp

Question 17

Beta blockers bind to (a)______ in cardiac nodal tissue, block binding of (b)______ and (c)_______

Answer 17

(a) β-adrenoreceptors
(b) norepinephrine
(c) epinephrine (adrenaline)

Question 18

MOA of calcium channel blockers?

Answer 18

Vascular smooth muscle relaxation (vasodilation), decreased myocardial force generation (negative inotropy) and decreased heart rate (negative chronotropy)

Question 19

Calcium channel blockers _____ calcium into the cell

Answer 19

Block

Question 20

Where does calcium channels regulate calcium influx (3 areas)?

Answer 20

1. Vascular smooth muscle (arterial resistance)
2. Cardiac myocytes (control HR)
3. Cardiac nodal tissue (generates nerve impulses)

Question 21

Diuretics (a)____ blood volume through (b)_____ urine output by the (c)_____

Answer 21

(a) decrease
(b) increased
(c) kidney

Question 22

MOA of most diuretics?

Answer 22

Most diuretics inhibit the reabsorption of sodium at different segments of the renal tubular system

Question 23

What is the effect of increases excretion of water?

Answer 23

Decreases volume which decreases blood pressure leading to less fluid to move around

Question 24

Loop diuretics inhibit the (a)____ cotransporter in the (b)______ _____ _____which reabsorbs (c)_____ of Na-load leading to (d)_____

Answer 24

(a) Na-K-Cl
(b) thick ascending limb
(c) 25%
(d) diuresis

Question 25

Thiazide diuretics inhibit (a)____ transporter in the (b)____ _____, which only reabsorbs about (c)____ of filtered sodium

Answer 25

(a) NaCl (b) distal tubule (c) 5%