Accounting principles Flashcards
What are the key financial statements that companies need to provide?
-Profit and loss accounts
-Balance sheets
-Cash flow statements
What is the difference between management accounts and financial accounts?
-Management accounts are for the intenal use of the management team
-Financial accounts are the company accounts required by UK law
What is the difference between a profit and loss account and a balance sheet?
- A profit and loss account shows the incomes and expenditures of a company and the resulting profit and loss
-The balance sheet shows what a company owns (assets) and what it owes (liabilities) at a given point in time
What is a cashflow statement?
Summary of the actual or anticipate d ingoing and outgoing of cash in a firm over the accounting period- measures the short-term ability of a firm to pay off its bills
What are capital allowances?
Tax relief on certain items purchased for the business e.g. tools & equipment
What are sinking funds?
funds that are set aside for future expense or long term debt
What is insolvency?
An inability to pay debts where liabilities exceed assets
What is companies house?
An agency that incorporates and dissolves limited companies within the UK
What is the HMRC?
Her majesties revenue and customs
What are liquidity ratios?
Measure the ability of a company to pay off its current liabilites by converting assets in to cash.
Current assets/current liabilites
usually around 1.5
What are profitability ratios ?
Measure the perforamnce of a company in generating its profits
Trading profit margin ration=turnover-cost of sales
Low margins may be due to growth strategy, not always bad management
What are financieal gearing ratios?
Measure the financial structure of the company including solvency
Why do chartered quantity surveyors need to understand and be able to interpret company accounts?
-Aid in preparing own buisness accounts
-Assesing financial strenght of contractors and tendering for contracts
- Assesing competition
Whats is the purpose of profit and loss accounts?
-Monitor and measure profit based performance
-Compare against past perfromance and budgets
-For valuation purposes
-Assist in forecasting future performance
What is the difference between debtors and creditors?
Creditors are business entities that are owed money by another entity they have extended credit to
Debtors are business entities that owe money to another respective company
What are management accounts?
Accounts prepared by a company for internal management use
Accounts prepared for a lender to evaluate if you will be able to repay any funding
Not audited
What is a financial statement?
Forecasts of income and expenditure that can be used to identify shortfalls
What is a profit and loss account?
They demonstrate a companies sales, running costs and profit or loss over a financial period (usually a year)
They are used to show sales vs expense
They can be used to show sales vs expense
They can also b eused to identify non profitable work
What is a balance sheet?
Shows the value of the companies assests and liabilies and demonstrates the value of the business
What is a cash flow forecast?
Summarises the amount of cash entering and leaving a company or project
Usually show an S curve on construction projects
What is an S-Curve?
Refers to the shape of the expenditure profile when shown in graph form
Start of a project expenditure is low, middle of the project expenditure is high due to more expensive aspects e.g steelwork/M&E
S curve flattens as the project comes up to completion
How can an S Curve be used by a surveyor?
Track and analyse a projects expenditure
Assess the financial strength of contractors
What are escrow accounts?
A seperate account owned by a 3rd party held on behalf of two parties, has defined contractual conditions for the relwease of funds. Can be used as a project bank account.
When have you used company accounts in your work?
To asses the financial strength of the supply chain
How do you analyse a company’s accounts?
Calculating liquidity and profitability ratios
How do you carry out a credit check?
Creditsafe subscription, group and company accounts, calculate ratios
What are the signs of insolvency in company accounts or credit checks?
Low credit rating
A liquidity ratio below 0.75
low return on equity
heavily reliant on loans
ccjs
a falling cashflow statement
Why would you not reccomend the apointment of a contractor with a low credit rating?
increased risk of the contractor not performing, contractor may not be able to deploy resources and materials, increased risk of contractors insolvency
What measures would you reccomend if your client wanted to appoint a contractor with a low credit rating?
Explore the option of requesting a performance bond, review the tender submission to ensure it is not front loaded, when reviewing interim valuations, ensure they are not over claimes, project bank account
What is taxation?
Money owed to the HMRC based on a companies profit
What is revenue?
Income generated from sales of products or services
What is capital expenditure?
Money spent on acquiring or maintaining fixed assets
What is auditing?
Examining and verification of a companies financial records- ensure they are in line with accounting standards
How do you ensure healthy cashflow?
Ensure cash coming in is greater than going out
What is accounting?
Process of keeping financial accounts
What is bankruptcy
Legal process where debts are unpaid and unable to be paid, a company may seek relief. Court ordered and remains on file for 10 years.
What is the CIS?
Construction industry scheme- created by HMRC to minimisetax evasion as the contractors deduct tax from payments to subcontractors
What is VAT?
Value added tax
What is the standard rate of VAT?
20%
When should a company be registered for VAT?
Taxable turnover greater than £85,000.00
What is domestic reverse charge?
Implemented march 2021- The contractor accounts for the VAT rather than the sub-contractor
