Accounting Flashcards
Figuring out changes on the statements for:
Changes to true cash item on I/S
e.g., revenue increases, COGS increase
> Pre-tax income changes
Net income changes
Cash changes
Retained earnings change (because NI changes)
Figuring out changes on the statements for: Changes to non-cash or re-classified item on income statement
e.g., depreciation increases
> Pre-tax income changes > Net income changes > Cash changes > Retained earnings change > ** something else on balance sheet changes (e.g., PPE)
What happens when A/R goes up?
e.g., +$10
Operational balance sheet item
> LOGICALLY what happens: Company records revenue that is not yet received in cash
> Revenue increases (+10), pre-tax income increases (+10), net income increases (+6 if assume tax rate = 40%)
Make adjustment on cash flow statement, so cash changes
Net income = +6
Less increase in A/R = -10 (we don’t have the cash yet)
Net change in cash = -4
Retained earnings increase (+6)
A/R increases (+10)
Cash changes (-4)
*When A/R increases, it means we have PAID TAXES on ADDITIONAL revenue, but have not yet received that revenue in cash yet, so our cash balance decreases by the additional amount of taxes paid
What happens when A/R goes down?
Operational balance sheet item
> LOGICALLY what happens: Company receives cash for revenue already recognized
> NOTHING happens on I/S
Make adjustment on cash flow statement (+ cash)
Cash increases
A/R decreases
What happens when prepaid expenses go up?
Operational balance sheet item
> LOGICALLY what happens: Company is prepaying for expense before incurring it
> NOTHING happens on I/S
Make adjustment on cash flow statement (- cash)
Cash decreases
Prepaid expense increases
What happens when prepaid expenses go down?
e.g., -$10
Operational balance sheet item
> LOGICALLY what happens: Company is now incurring expenses already paid for
> Expenses increase (+10), pre-tax income decreases (-10), net income decreases (-6 if we assume tax rate = 40%) > Make adjustment on cash flow statement (increase in cash from prepaid expense change) Net income (-6) Prepaid expenses (+10) Net change in cash (+4) > Cash changes (+4), prepaid expense decreases (-10), retained earnings decrease (-6)
What happens when inventory increases?
Assume you pay for it with cash, +$10
Operational balance sheet item
> LOGICALLY what happens: Company is purchasing inventory but not yet sold
> No change to I/S
On cash flow statement, an increase in inventory is a reduction in cash (-10)
Cash decreases, inventory increases
What happens when inventory decreases?
Operational balance sheet item
> LOGICALLY what happens: Company is selling the inventory and recognizing revenue and associated cost
> Revenue increases (ask to confirm this) > COGS increase > Pre-tax income changes > Net income changes > Cash changes > Retained earnings change > Inventory decreases
What happens when accrued expenses increase?
e.g., +$10
Operational balance sheet item
> LOGICALLY what happens: Company has accrued expenses that you have not yet paid; recognize expenses but no cash payment yet
> e.g., accrued wages
> Costs increase (+10) > Pre-tax income decreases (-10) > Net income decreases (-6, if tax rate = 40%) > Make adjustment to cash flow statement Net income = -6 Accrued expenses = +10 Net change in cash = +4 > Cash changes (+4) > Retained earnings decrease (-6) > Accrued expenses increase (+10)
What happens when accrued expenses decrease?
e.g., -$10
Operational balance sheet item
> LOGICALLY what happens: Company is paying for expenses already incurred
> NOTHING happens on I/S
Cash flow statement = Accrued expenses decreases (-10)
Balance sheet: Cash decreases (-10), accrued expenses decrease (-10)
What happens when accounts payable increases?
Operational balance sheet item
> Same as accrued expenses
> Company owes money to a supplier that it has not yet paid, but recognizes expense
> Costs increase > Pre-tax income decreases > Net income decreases > Make adjustment to cash flow statement > Cash changes > Retained earnings decrease > Accounts payable increases
What happens when accounts payable decreases?
Operational balance sheet item
> Same as accrued expenses
> Company pays supplier what it owed
> NOTHING happens on I/S
Cash decreases, accounts payable decreases
What happens when deferred revenue increases?
Operational balance sheet item
> LOGICALLY what happens: Company has COLLECTED cash from customer but it has NOT YET performed product delivery/service to recognize revenue
> NO change to I/S
Cash increases, deferred revenue increases
What happens when deferred revenue decreases?
Operational balance sheet item
> LOGICALLY what happens: Company is now recognizing revenue for product delivery/service already received payment for
> Revenue increases > Pre-tax income increases > Net income increases > Changes to statement of cash flows (+ net income, - deferred revenue account) > Cash changes > Deferred revenue decreases > Retained earnings increases
Statement of cash flows - key sections
1) Cash flow from Operations
Net income
+ non-cash expenses (depreciation, amortization of intangibles, stock-based compensation, (gain)/loss on sale of PPE, asset write-downs, (liability) write downs)
- Increases in current assets
+ Decreases in current assets
+ Increases in current liabilities (incl: deferred revenue)
- Decreases in current liabilities (incl: deferred revenue)
2) Cash flow from Investing \+ PPE Sale proceeds - Capital expenditures \+ Sell ST / LT investments - Purchase ST / LT investments
3) Cash flow from Financing \+ Issue debt - Repay debt \+ Issue new shares - Repurchase shares - Dividend issue
What happens when non-operational balance sheet item or cash flow statement item changes?
Ex: Purchasing or selling securities Capex Selling PPE Raising debt Issuing stock Repurchasing stock Issuing dividend
NO change to I/S
> Cash changes
Corresponding Balance Sheet item also changes
CF statement > Balance sheet item link:
1) Purchasing or selling securities —> ST or LT investments, CFI
2) Capex –> PPE, CFI
3) Selling PPE –> PPE, CFI
4) Raising debt –> Debt, CFF
5) Issuing stock –> Shareholder’s equity, CFF
6) Repurchasing stock –> Shareholder’s equity, CFF
7) Issuing dividend –> Shareholder’s equity, CFF
Where do other gains and losses show up on I/S? Are these non cash items?
Right after interest expense
Other gains and losses include things that are not part of the company’s core business operations, such as:
> Gains and losses on sale of PPE (non-cash, e.g., sell PP&E more than book value)
> Impairment charges (Non-cash)
> Write-downs (Non-cash)
Non cash because they correspond to long term assets purchased in PRIOR periods
Walk me through the 3 financial statements
There are 3 key financial statements: Income Statement, Cash Flow Statement, and Balance Sheet
The income statement shows the company’s REVENUES, EXPENSES and NET INCOME over a specific period of time
The cash flow statement shows the company’s NET CHANGE in cash. It starts with Net Income from the I/S, adds back non-cash expenses and adjusts for changes in OPERATING ASSETS and LIABILITIES (working capital accounts). It also shows how the company has SPENT cash or RECEIVED cash from investing or financing activities
The balance sheet is a SNAPSHOT of the company’s financial health. It shows ASSETS, LIABILITIES and SHAREHOLDERS’ Equity at a specific point in time. Assets must equal Liabilities plus Shareholders’ Equity
Let’s say I could only look at 2 statements to assess a company’s prospects – which 2 would I use and why
Income statement and balance sheet (assuming you have beginning and ending balances) –> you can CREATE cash flow statement from both
Let’s say I have a new, unknown item that belongs on the Balance Sheet. How can I tell whether it should be an Asset or a Liability?
Ask yourself WHICH DIRECTION cash will move in the future
If the new item will INCREASE cash in the future (e.g., sale of inventory), then it is an asset
If the new item will DECREASE cash in the future (e.g., deferred revenue leads to higher taxes in the future), then it is a liability
How can you tell whether or not an expense should appear on the Income Statement?
Two conditions must be met:
1) It is tax-deductible (in order to get to net income)
2) It is incurred in the current period
e.g., repaying debt is NOT an expense because it is NOT tax deductible
Income statement - key sections
Revenue Less: COGS Gross profit Less: S&GA Less: D&A EBITDA Less: D&A EBIT (Operating Income) Less: Interest EBT (Pre-tax income) Less: Cash taxes Net income
Wait, so what’s the difference between Accounts Receivable and Deferred Revenue? They sound similar.
1) A/R represents cash that our customers have NOT yet given to us, whereas Deferred Revenue cash has already been collected
2) A/R is for a product/service that HAS ALREADY BEEN DELIVERED, whereas Deferred Revenue is for product/service that HAS NOT yet been delivered
3) A/R is an asset, while Deferred Revenue is a liability
Both accounts relate to CUSTOMERS
You see an “Investments in Equity Interests” (AKA Associate Companies) line item on the Assets side of a firm’s Balance Sheet. What does this mean?
When a company owns more than 20% but less than 50% of ANOTHER COMPANY, Investments in Equity Interests represents this portion that the company DOES OWN
(vs. Minority interests, for companies that own over 50%, minority interests represents the remaining portion they DO NOT own)