Accomplice Liability: Complicity Flashcards
where does the foundation of accomplice liability stem from?
Accessories abd Abettors Act 1861
‘whoever shall aid, abet, counsel or procure the commission of any indictable offence shall be liable to be tried… and punished as a principal offender’
what is meant by ‘aid and abet’?
what is meant by ‘procure’?
assist or encourage
produce by effort
what must the offence be in order to produce accomplice liability?
must be indictable
what can an assisting defendant be convicted of?
both the crime that was committed and the offence of assisting end encouraging - the inchoate offence
what occurs if the principal offender is never convicted?
accomplice can still be tried and convicted
enough that they were complicit and there is proof that the crime occurred
what is required to convict the complicit party of the principal offence?
’’ inchoate offence?
causal impact of D assisting the principal offender
any form of encouragement, no requirement for physical involvement
what are the 2 elements required to prove complicity in crimes without a fault element?
- intention to assist or encourage the principal offender’s conduct
- appreciate that the essential elements of the principal offender’s offence might occur
what type of intent is not sufficient to prove complicity?
a general criminal intent
MUST BE an intent directed towards the specific crime
what case established that D must know the essential elements of the crime the principal offender was intending to commit in order to be complicit?
R v Bainbridge 1960
D knew that cutting equipment was at least likely to do something illegal ‘at any rate for the purpose of breaking and entering premises’
what case established that D can be complicit in a crime where there was an obvious list of crimes that the principal offender was going to commit?
Maxwell 1978
D saw P was heavily armed and drove P to a pub nonetheless
P was either going to plant a bomb, shoot someone or commit a robbery
what is the leading case for proving complicity in crimes with a fault element?
Jogee 2016
what is required to prove complicity in crimes with a fault element, under Jogee 2016?
- intention to assist/ encourage the principal offender
- also have the same intention/ fault element required to commit the offences
ex// same intention as P to kill V
how did Jogee replace NCB v Gamble in relation to intention for fault element/specific intent crimes?
cannot be liable for a crime that involves the fault element of the crime if one is disinterested in the outcome
D must have an intention for P to fulfil the aim of committing the offence - the same intention
when will D be found to not have the same fault element as P in a crime of specific intent?
Ps violence was entirely unconnected with the former plan with D
P has stepped out of the cope of Ds connection
when can D be convicted of a murder, committed by P, as an accessory?
ONLY if D intended for the killing also