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CPACC - June '24 > Accessibility & Universal Design > Flashcards

Accessibility & Universal Design Flashcards

Distinguish between individual accommodations and Universal Design.

1
Q

What is the difference between accessibility, usability, and universal design?

A
  • Accessibility: design so people with disabilities have equivalent UX without barriers or discrimination
  • Usability: Emphasizes ease of use and user experience, doesn’t always consider needs of people with disabilities
  • Universal Design: makes products, environments, and services usable for everyone (as many as possible) w/o adaptations
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2
Q

What is the relationship between accessibility, usability, and universal design (UD)?

A

UD is closely related to accessibility & usability. All want to make products & services easier to use for everyone regardless of ability, but emphasize different aspects.

  • Acc: PWD have equivalent UX w/o barriers or discrimination
  • Usability: Emphasizes ease of use and UX, but doesn’t always consider PWD’s needs
  • UD: include everyone (as many as possible) w/o specifying target groups
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3
Q

What is the difference between universal design and accommodations?

A
  • Universal Design: makes products, environments, and services usable for everyone (as many as possible) w/o adaptations
  • Accommodations: Individual assistance provided to persons with disabilities
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4
Q

Universal design is a ____ approach, while accommodations are a ____ approach.

A

Proactive vs. Reactive

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5
Q

What are the benefits of accessibility to individuals?

A

Increased independence, means to participate in society, such as education, employment, and social activities.

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6
Q

What are the benefits of accessibility to society?

A
  1. Increased independence of more people
  2. Contibutions from persons with a variety of abilities and disabilities
  3. Cost savings
  4. Improvements to built / digital world that improve access and usability for everyone
  5. Innovation & better problem-solving from diversity through inclusion
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7
Q

What are the 4 WCAG principles?

A
  1. Perceivable
  2. Operable
  3. Understandable
  4. Robust

(POUR)

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8
Q

What is web accessibility?

According to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

A

“Websites, tools, and technologies are designed and developed so people with disabilities can use them.

More specifically, people can perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with and contribute to the web.

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9
Q

What 4 guidelines make web content Perceivable?

A
  • 1.1 Text Alternatives: Provide text alternatives for non-text content
  • 1.2 Time-based Media: Captions & other alternatives for multimedia
  • 1.3 Adaptable: Content can be presented in different ways (including by AT) without losing meaning
  • 1.4 Distinguishable: Make content easier to see and hear.
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10
Q

What 5 guidelines make web content Operable?

A
  • 2.1: Keyboard Accessible: Functionality is available via keyboard.
  • 2.2 Enough Time: Users have enough time to read & use content.
  • 2.3 Seizures & Physical Reactions: Content does not cause seizures or physical reactions.
  • 2.4 Navigable: Users can easily navigate, find content, and determine where they are.
  • 2.5 Input Modalities Users can use different inputs beyond keyboard.
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11
Q

What 3 guidelines make web content Understandable?

A
  • 3.1 Readable: Text is readable and understandable.
  • 3.2 Predictable: Web pages/content appear and operate in predictable ways.
  • 3.3 Input Assistance: Help users avoid and correct mistakes.
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12
Q

What guideline makes web content Robust?

A
  • 4.1 Compatible: Maximize compatibility with current and future user tools.
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13
Q

“Text alternatives for non-text content” is part of which WCAG principle?

A

Perceivable

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14
Q

“Captions and other alternatives for multimedia” is part of which WCAG principle?

A

Perceivable

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15
Q

“Content can be presented in different ways (including by AT) without losing meaning” is part of which WCAG principle?

A

Perceivable

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16
Q

“Make content easier to see and hear” is part of which WCAG principle?

A

Perceivable

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17
Q

“Functionality is available via keyboard” is part of which WCAG principle?

A

Operable

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18
Q

“Users have enough time to read & use content” is part of which WCAG principle?

A

Operable

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19
Q

“Content does not cause seizures or physical reactions” is part of which WCAG principle?

A

Operable

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20
Q

“Users can easily navigate, find content, and determine where they are” is part of which WCAG principle?

A

Operable

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21
Q

“Users can use different inputs beyond keyboard” is part of which WCAG principle?

A

Operable

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22
Q

“Text is readable and understandable” is part of which WCAG principle?

A

Understandable

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23
Q

“Web pages/content appear and operate in predictable ways” is part of which WCAG principle?

A

Understandable

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24
Q

“Help users avoid and correct mistakes” is part of which WCAG principle?

A

Understandable

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25
Q

“Maximize compatibility with current and future user tools” is part of which WCAG principle?

A

Robust

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26
Q

What is perceivability in the WCAG?

A

Perceivability is about making the output of web content available through multiple sensory modalities.

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27
Q

What is the most universal accessible format available?

A

Digital text

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28
Q

What is WCAG Principle 1?

A

Perceivable - Information and user interface components must be presentable to users in ways they can perceive.

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29
Q

What is WCAG Principle 2?

A

Operable - User interface components and navigation must be operable.

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30
Q

What is WCAG Principle 3?

A

Understandable - Information and the operation of the user interface must be understandable.

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31
Q

What is WCAG Principle 4?

A

Robust - Content must be robust enough that it can be interpreted by a wide variety of user agents, including assistive technologies.

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32
Q

What is operability in the WCAG?

A

Operability is about making the input methods of web content functionality available to a wide range of input devices, including:

  • mouse or touchpad
  • keyboard
  • touchscreen
  • voice recognition software
  • other specialized input devices (most emulate a keyboard or mouse)
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33
Q

What is understandability in the WCAG?

A

Understandability is about making content and interfaces that people can comprehend.

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34
Q

What is robustness in the WCAG?

A

Robustness is about ensuring compatibility with a broad range of user agents, including assistive technologies.

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35
Q

What does ARIA stand for?

A

ARIA: Accessible Rich Internet Applications

36
Q

Using ARIA to set the name, role, and ____ of a component is an example of which WCAG principle?

A

Robust

37
Q

An item that communicates to a screen reader that it is expanded or collapsed is an example of which web accessibility (WCAG) principle?

A

Robust

38
Q

Identifying the primary language of a web page is an example of which web accessibility (WCAG) principle?

A

Understandable

39
Q

High contrast between text elements and the background on a web page is an example of which accessibility (WCAG) principle?

A

Perceivable

40
Q

How do you make dynamic JavaScript accessible?

A

Mark up the name, role, state, and properties of elements with ARIA (changing them dynamically if necessary), and by controlling keyboard focus.

41
Q

What are the 7 principles of Universal Design?

A
  1. Equitable use
  2. Flexibility in use
  3. Simple and intuitive use
  4. Perceptible information
  5. Tolerance for error
  6. Low physical effort
  7. Size and space for approach and use
42
Q

“Provide the same means of use for all users: identical when possible and equitable when not” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Equitable Use

43
Q

“Avoid segregating or stigmatizing users” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Equitable Use

44
Q

“Provisions for privacy, security, and safety should be equally available to all users” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Equitable Use

45
Q

“Make the design appealing to all users” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Equitable Use

46
Q

“Provide choice in methods of use” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Flexibility in Use

47
Q

“Accommodate right- or left-handed access and use” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Flexibility in Use

48
Q

“Facilitate the user’s accuracy and precision” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Flexibility in Use

49
Q

“Provide adaptability to the user’s pace” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Flexibility in Use

50
Q

“Eliminate unnecessary complexity” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Simple and Intuitive Use

51
Q

“Be consistent with user expectations and intuition” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Simple and Intuitive Use

52
Q

“Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Simple and Intuitive Use

53
Q

“Arrange information consistent with its importance” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Simple and Intuitive Use

54
Q

“Provide effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Simple and Intuitive Use

55
Q

“Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential information” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Perceptible Information

(Perceivable)

56
Q

“Provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Perceptible Information

57
Q

“Maximize legibility of essential information” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Perceptible Information

58
Q

“Differentiate elements in ways that can be described (i.e., make it easy to give instructions or directions)” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Perceptible Information

59
Q

“Provide compability with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Perceptible Information

60
Q

“Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used elements, most accessible; hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, or shielded” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Tolerance for Error

61
Q

“Provide warnings of hazards and errors” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Tolerance for Error

62
Q

“Provide fail safe features” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Tolerance for Error

63
Q

“Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Tolerance for Error

64
Q

“Allow user to maintain a neutral body position” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Low Physical Effort

65
Q

“Use reasonable operating forces” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Low Physical Effort

66
Q

“Minimize repetitive actions” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Low Physical Effort

67
Q

“Minimize sustained physical effort” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Low Physical Effort

68
Q

“Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Size and Space for Approach and Use

69
Q

“Make reaching to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Size and Space for Approach and Use

70
Q

“Accommodate variations in hand and grip size” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Size and Space for Approach and Use

71
Q

“Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices” is part of which Universal Design principle?

A

Size and Space for Approach and Use

72
Q

True or False: The newer designs for U.S. dollar bills are better than the older designs for people with low vision to distinguish between dollar amounts.

A

True

73
Q

Step-by-step instructions that utilize minimal wording and provide clear visuals that illustrate each step is an example of which Universal Design principle?

A

Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive Use

74
Q

A doorbell that uses sound and flashing lights when activated is an example of which Universal Design principle?

A

Principle 4: Perceptible Information

75
Q

Self check-in/check-out kiosks that are placed at different heights are an example of which Universal Design principle?

A

Principle 2: Flexibility in Use

76
Q

Kitchen utensils that are easy to hold and easy to use in spite of the user’s strength and manual dexterity are an example of which Universal Design principle?

A

Principle 6: Low Physical Effort

77
Q

An iron that shuts off automatically after 5 minutes of non-use is an example of which Universal Design principle?

A

Principle 5: Tolerance for Error

78
Q

Large visual icons that are used to label and communicate the controls on a machine’s control panel are an example of which Universal Design principle?

A

Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive Use

79
Q

Door handles on a refrigerator that extend the entire length of the refrigerator’s doors are an example of which Universal Design principle?

A

Principle 1: Equitable Use

80
Q

A floor plan that incorporates ample room space and wide hallways is an example of which Universal Design principle?

A

Principle 7: Size and Space for Approach and Use

81
Q

An adjustable work desk that allows users to work either in a seated or standing position is an example of which Universal Design principle?

A

Principle 2: Flexibility in Use

82
Q

What are the 3 principles of Universal Design for Learning?

A

Provide multiple means of:
1. Engagement
2. Representation
3. Action & Expression

83
Q

What is Universal Design for Learning?

A

An approach to designing curricula that eliminates barriers in the learning environment to improve educational experiences for all learners. All aspects of learning are designed to be modified based on various learner needs.

84
Q

What are the components of UDL learning design?

A
  • Instructional goals and objectives
  • Methods of instructional delivery
  • Materials used for learning
  • Assessments
85
Q
A

CPACC - June '24 (4 decks)

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