Accent and Dialect

Question 1

Estuary English (EE)

Answer 1

• First mentions in 1980
• Modern, hybrid accent
• Upper class RP and Cockney

Question 2

Kerswill: Standard English

Answer 2

• Early and mid-Victorian England
• Recently downgraded, EE is more favored
• SE does not permit double negation (i don’t want none)

Question 3

Milroy and Graham

Answer 3

Milroy 1999: regional and rural dialects. Considered as only different
Graham 1869: ‘The language of the highest classes is now looked upon as the standard of English/’ upper class set the precedent for language.

Question 4

Trudgill: dialect levelling and geographical diffusion

Answer 4

• GD: features spread out from a popular area
• Levelling: World languages start to merge, fewer distinct forms
  Links to language change

Question 5

Bernstein: Elaborate and Restricted code

Answer 5

*RC: Identified that working class could only use restricted linguistic structures

Question 6

Foulkes and Docherty

Answer 6

Speakers tend to seek out neutral forms to avoid signaling very local and old-fashioned identities.

Question 7

John Honey: Sociolingustics

Answer 7

• Standards of English Language are failing
• He thinks standard English should be the main form of English
• prescriptivist POV
• Ideas on pronunciation (Financial as fine or fin but not foyn)