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Law Cases > ACAT Justice Studies > Flashcards

ACAT Justice Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

One of the criticisms of corrections is they don’t work as evidenced by the figures on

A

recidivism

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2
Q

The first “big house” or prison reformatory in the United States was in

A

Elmira, New York

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3
Q

The notions of reform and forgiveness underlie corrections today as they did in the

A

18th century

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4
Q

The changing world of the death penalty is primarily on the

A

state level

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5
Q

The greatest impact towards reform in corrections has been induced by the

A

judicial branch

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6
Q

The difference between the Eastern Pennsylvania and Auburn, New York prisons was that:

A

Both had single solitary cells but at Auburn, prisoners were fed and employed together during the day.

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7
Q

In recent years, correctional ideology has tended toward

A

treatment or rehabilitation

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8
Q

A prisoner has the right to attend the worship service of their choice based on the

A

1st amendment

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9
Q

What is the most important factor to the deterrence of crime?

A

Certainty

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10
Q

The Justice Model of corrections advocates

A

just deserts in punishment theory

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11
Q

Boot camps, house arrest, intensive supervised probation, electronic monitoring, and restitution are called

A

intermediate sanctions and punishments

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12
Q

A major finding by Robert Martinson’s studies was that with a few exceptions, most correctional programs had little to no effect on

A

reducing recidivism

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13
Q

The ideas of reform and solitude for the process of reformation began with the

A

Walnut Street jail

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14
Q

The racial group most likely to be victimized by crime within the United States are

A

Blacks

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15
Q

Crime within the United States is largely but not exclusively an

A

Urban Phenomenon

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16
Q

Data show that the U.S. has the highest rate of ____________ among industrialized nations

A

violent crime

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17
Q

Some of the major sources of disorder and frustrations within the criminal justice system are the competing conflicts between the

A

due process and crime control model

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18
Q

Shaw and McKay cite the high incidence of delinquency in places which are physically deteriorated, have poor health records, and suffer economically as evidence as their

A

social disorganization theory

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19
Q

In her 1983 book, Nations Not Obsessed with Crime, Freda Adler suggested that countries with low crime rates have strong elements of

A

social control existing outside the criminal justice system

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20
Q

In highlighting violent crime in the United States, the media coverage has often lead to

A

unreasonable fear on part of the general public

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21
Q

One of the problems that both police and prosecutors face is criticism of their

A

discretionary power

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22
Q

Victimless crimes consist of prostitution, drunkenness, and gambling, are virtually unenforceable, lead to questionable moral and legal actions, actually increasing the

A

growth of illegal goods and services

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23
Q

The components of the criminal justice systems are found at the

A

federal, state, and local levels

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24
Q

The period since the 1960s in the United States has been on of

A

increasing public fear of crime

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25
Q

Corporate crime is a concern for society because it is still ignored by

A

governmental crime reporting

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26
Q

Differential association theory is an example of

A

social process theory

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27
Q

Murder is not a crime asked about in the

A

National Crime Victim Survey

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28
Q

The Pennsylvania system was commonly referred to as the

A

“Separate and Silent” system

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29
Q

Computer fraud is not a Uniform Crime Report

A

Part 1 offense

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30
Q

Sir Robert Peel’s reforms for policing included local responsibility for law and order, appointed civilians paid to assume responsibility for law and order and

A

standards of conduct for those appointed

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31
Q

Separate police agencies with their own jurisdiction are found at the

A

federal, state, and local level

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32
Q

Officers may enter a home to make an arrest without a warrant while

A

in hot pursuit of a suspect

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33
Q

A “volunteered” statement is one made without

A

custodial interrogation

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34
Q

Private citizens contribute to the definition of law enforcement through direct contact with police officers and indirect influence exerted on those same officials through

A

interest group organizations

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35
Q

The standard for obtaining valid consent to search is that the consent was given

A

voluntarily

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36
Q

State police agencies usually consist of patrol and

A

investigation functions

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37
Q

Plain view items can be seized by officers who have

A

the lawful authority to be where they are

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38
Q

The county sheriff is the head of a law enforcement agency that is

A

popularly elected by voters

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39
Q

The father of modern-day police forces within the United States is

A

August ‘Gus’ Vollmer

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40
Q

The U.S. Supreme Court case establishing the concept of stop and frisk was

A

Terry v. Ohio

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41
Q

The phrase “suicide by police” is where citizens use officers as a means to carry out their

A

suicide

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42
Q

Nineteenth century American communities lacking police departments addressed their need for self-protection and law enforcement by forming

A

vigilante groups

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43
Q

Crimes and arrest rates reveal that for the majority of crimes that occur

A

no arrest is made

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44
Q

The main finding in the Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment is that variation in the degrees of patrol had

A

no impact on crime

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45
Q

The County Sheriff’s department typically handles

A

jail operations

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46
Q

The priority of order and maintenance best characterize James W. Wilson’s

A

watchman police style

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47
Q

A true bill means a criminal indictment by

A

a grand jury

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48
Q

Direct evidence is criminal evidence that establishes a legal fact without the use of

A

inference

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49
Q

An indictment upon probable cause is issued by a

A

grand jury

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50
Q

Trial courts of limited jurisdiction are generally

A

overloaded and have delays

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51
Q

The 8th amendment protects defendants from

A

excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment

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52
Q

Magistrate judges conduct initial appearances of

A

criminal defendants

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53
Q

Laws assuring the accused person will be given rights and establishing set rules of legal procedure for trying those individuals is referred to as

A

criminal procedural laws

54
Q

Court decisions, in which the judge looks to previous decisions for precedents is called

A

case law

55
Q

Prosecutors, in relation to other criminal justice agencies, exercise more

A

discretionary authority

56
Q

Reasonable suspicion of crime is not mentioned in the

A

4th amendment

57
Q

Prosecutors are powerful since they are gatekeepers who decide

A

whether to file charges and which charges to file

58
Q

A regular jury normally consists of 12 people to determine the

A

criminal guilt of the defendant

59
Q

The selection of judges is done by the process of

A

election or appointment

60
Q

A jury trial is guaranteed in all criminal prosecutions under the

A

6th amendment

61
Q

In its report on police corruption in NYC in the 1970s, the Knapp Commission identified this type of corrupt police officer

A

grass eaters and meat eaters

62
Q

The modern approach of community policing emphasizes the

A

Proactive Response

63
Q

Chain of command is the term for operations passing through the proper

A

channels of authority

64
Q

The case of Tennessee v Garner articulated guidelines for the proper use of

A

deadly force by police

65
Q

Probable cause/reasonable belief is required for a police officer to

A

make a lawful arrest

66
Q

The first black police officers in the 1870s had no law enforcement authority over

A

white citizens

67
Q

According to police expert Jerome Skolnick, the working personality of the police officer is shaped by three forces:

A

Efficiency, Danger, and Authority, Not expectation of favors

68
Q

The first private policing agency was started by

A

Alan Pinkerton

69
Q

Corrupt police officers, who accept payoffs from people on a regular basis are called

A

grass eaters

70
Q

The Metropolitan Police Act, the legislation that established the first organized police force in London was developed by

A

Robert Peel

71
Q

The largest federal law enforcement agency is the

A

U.S. Customs and Border PRotection

72
Q

The Mollen Commission found the pervasive nature of police perjury in its

A

1994 New York Report

73
Q

Entrapment occurs when an otherwise innocent person is lured into

A

committing crime by the police

74
Q

Compared to whites, African-Americans and Hispanics are drawn into the criminal justice system by

A

stops and arrests at a much higher rate

75
Q

A guilty or blameworthy state of mind describes the mental element of

A

mens rea

76
Q

The philosophy of punishment which attempts to restore a convicted offender to society through treatment is known as

A

rehabilitation

77
Q

The determination of a defendant’s guilt is known as

A

adjudication

78
Q

Courts of limited jurisdiction do not consider

A

murder cases

79
Q

The vast majority of all correctional activities in the U.S. is funded by

A

state and local government

80
Q

The practice under which judges grant release if the defendant is employed and has roots in the community is known as

A

release on recognizance

81
Q

The deterrent effect of criminal justice works to provide examples

A

discouraging other from crime

82
Q

A significant deprivation of liberty involving taking a person into custody, transporting them to a police station for jail, and processing them into the criminal justice system is called an

A

arrest

83
Q

Jails are typically populated with people who are

A

poorly educated

84
Q

The most crime-prone demographic group in the United States is

A

males ages 16-24

85
Q

A status offense is an activity considered a crime only because the offender is a

A

minor or an addict

86
Q

Criminal fines are paid to the court, not the

A

police department

87
Q

The study of the use of punishment for criminal acts is known as

A

penology

88
Q

Recidivism is best defined as repetition of

A

criminal behavior

89
Q

The first one to use science to predict criminal behavior was an

A

Italian physician Cesare Lombroso

90
Q

Selective incorporation is where the Bill of Rights were applied to the states via the

A

14th amendment

91
Q

The decision of Mapp v Ohio applied the

A

4th amendment exclusionary rule to the states

92
Q

Fighting words, true threats, and seditious speech are not protected by the

A

1st amendment

93
Q

Adult pornography is protected expression, but

A

child pornography and obscenity are not

94
Q

Reasonable individualized suspicion is required to

A

stop and frisk a person in the United States

95
Q

Probable cause (a reasonable individualized belief of criminality)

A

is required to make an arrest

96
Q

The Miranda Warnings are required when someone is in police custody and

A

being interrogated

97
Q

Illegally obtained evidence is usually deemed inadmissible and subject to the

A

exclusionary rule

98
Q

The police good faith exception admits _________________ due to good faith mistakes

A

illegally obtained evidence

99
Q

Omissions or the failure to act can only be made a crime when there is a

A

legal duty to act

100
Q

Strict liability offenses remove the mens rea requirement, imposing criminal liability without

A

fault

101
Q

General intent is the intent to commit the crime: specific intent is the intent to

A

do something extra

102
Q

Few states allow the use of deadly force to protect property;

A

Texas and Colorado are exceptions

103
Q

Self-defense and reasonable use of force is available to repel an

A

unprovoked and imminent attack

104
Q

The castle exception negates the duty to retreat inside the home unless the

A

cohabitant rule applies

105
Q

Consent can never provide a defense to permit victims to

A

‘voluntarily’ consent to serious injuries

106
Q

Mistake of fact negates mens rea when someone

A

takes something they thought belonged to them

107
Q

Involuntary intoxication is a complete defense; voluntary intoxication only

A

negates specific intent

108
Q

Most states use the right and wrong test to determine if

A

the defendant is legally sane

109
Q

The right to keep and bear arms encompasses the right to

A

own firearms in the home

110
Q

The right to burn the American flag was recognized in

A

Street v. New York and Texas v. Johnson

111
Q

The 6th Amendment requires jury verdicts to be based on

A

twelve person unanimous ones

112
Q

The right to legal counsel for indigent defendants was held in

A

Gideon v. Wainwright

113
Q

Hateful racist and sexist speech without threats is protected under the

A

1st Amendment

114
Q

The death penalty cannot constitutionally be imposed on

A

minors or persons with disabilities

115
Q

Capital punishment cannot be imposed on adults for the crime of

A

adult or child rape

116
Q

The right to privacy for a woman to get an abortion was recognized in

A

Roe v. Wade.

117
Q

Mistake of fact negates mens rea when someone

A

takes something they though belonged to them

118
Q

Involuntary intoxication is a complete defense; voluntary intoxication only negates

A

specific intent

119
Q

Most states use the right and wrong test to determine if the defendant is

A

legally sane

120
Q

The right to keep and bear arms encompasses the right to own firearms in

A

the home

121
Q

The right to burn the American flag was recognized in

A

Street v New York and Texas v Johnson

122
Q

The 6th amendment requires jury verdicts to be based on

A

12 person unanimous juries

123
Q

The right to legal counsel for indigent defendants was held in

A

Gideon v Wainwright

124
Q

Hateful, racist, and sexist speech without threats is protected under the

A

1st amendment

125
Q

The death penalty cannot constitutionally be imposed on

A

minors or persons with disabilities

126
Q

Capital punishment cannot be imposed on adults for the crime of

A

adult or child rape

127
Q

The right to privacy for a woman to get an abortion was recognized in

A

Roe v Wade

128
Q

The Constitution protects intimate sexual conduct between

A

consenting adults in their own homes

129
Q

The courts have recognized an exceedingly narrow right to passive, but not to

A

active euthanasia

130
Q

Chimel v California 1969 established guidelines for

A

police regarding search incident to an arrest

Law Cases (2 decks)

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