academics

Question 1

reading

Answer 1

• Pre reading skills: knowing letters and sounds
• Phonological awareness: ability to hear sounds of letters
  o People with learning disabilities struggle with this a lot
• Learning to read in English is hard bc of the inconsistency in how letters and letter combos are pronounced
• 1st step is decoding → identifying individual words by sounding out letters in them
• Phonics structure is essential

Question 2

teaching reading

Answer 2

• Oldest method: teaching phonics
• Whole word method: learn to recognize whole words on sight
  o Picture → word → learn whole thing
  o Only teach whole word kids are slower at comprehension → come to unknown word and you don’t know it, cant sound it out
• Phonics teaching is essential
• Whole word should compliment phonics instruction
• Ability to identify word basic skill people struggle with so phonics better to help that

Question 3

reading comprehension

Answer 3

• Factors associated with improved comprehension
  o Increased skill at recognizing words – better you can recognize better you can understand
  o Increased working memory = increased storage of sentence in memory
  o Acquisition of more general knowledge
  o Increased monitoring of comprehension
  o Use more appropriate reading strategies

Question 4

writing

Answer 4

• Takes years of effort
• Improvements related to greater general knowledge about topics, greater understanding of how to organize writing, greater ease in dealing with mechanics
• Kids can be taught to be better writers by teaching strategies for planning, drafting, revising
• Knowledge telling: writing things down as you think of it
• Knowledge transforming: decide what info to include, organize it, plan ahead

Question 5

knowledge and using numbers

Answer 5

• Infants can distinguish small numbers like 2 and 3
  o Get kids to habituate to a picture of 2, then look at 3 and will look longer at 3, recognize there is a difference
  o 5mo old can distinguish between 2 and 3

Question 6

learning to count

Answer 6

o 1-to-1 principle → kids understand that when learning numbers theres only 1 name for each number
o Stable-order principle → recognize that numbers must be counted in a particular order
o Cardinality principle → when kids understand that last number name differs from previous because of the denotation
• Final number denotes total number of objects
o Learning to count beyond 10 more complicated in English
• Other languages have a perfect regular system (in English 1-20 is weird)

Question 7

electronic media guidlines for up to 5

Answer 7

• Minimize screens
  o Not recommended for kids under 2
  o 2-5y limit routine or regular screen time to 1> hour/day
  o Ensure sedentary screen time is not routine part of childcare for kids 5>
  o Daily screen free times → family means and book sharing
  o Avoid screens for at least 1hr before bed bc of melatonin suppressing effects

Question 8

minimizing risk of screen time

Answer 8

• Be present and engaged when screens used and when possible co-view with kids
• Be aware of content and prioritize educational, age appropriate and interactive programs
• Use parenting strategies that teach self regulation, calming and limit setting
  o Heplto manage emotions and behavior around technology

Question 9

TV

Answer 9

• Crits of tv viewing by kids
  o Brief segments presented rapidly leads to development of a short attention span
  o Kids who watch become less passive, lazy thinkers, less creative
  o Watch a low spend less time doing valuable activities like reading, sports, friends
  o Good with kids in poverty bc it can help them learn when they have less resources to learn
• Content of tv important for unde2rstanding outcomes
• Some have a positive effect on academic development
• Computers can have a positive influence academic development when used effectively