Academic Writing Reading - Vinh Ielts Flashcards
***LEVEL 1
DEMOLISH /dɪˈmɒl.ɪʃ/ (v)
=> Phá hủy, hủy hoại
ex: The old slums are being demolished to make way for a new housing project.
ex: The old houses are going to be knocked down (= be demolished).
TO OBLITERATE STH /əˈblɪt.ər.eɪt/ (v)
=> Xóa sạch không còn dấu vết.
ex: Everything that happened that night was obliterated from his memory.
UNDERPIN /ˌʌn.dəˈpɪn/ (v)
=> 1. Củng cố 1 lý thuyết, luận điểm với credible evidence and figures.
ex: He presented his data to underpin his argument.
=> 2. Chống đỡ, trợ lực cho căn nhà hoặc bức tường trở nên chắc chắn hơn.
ex: When restoring the building, the first priority was to underpin the exterior (/ɪkˈstɪə.ri.ər/ outside) walls by adding wooden supports along the foundations.
PROMULGATE /ˈprɒm.əl.ɡeɪt/ (v)
=> 1. To spread beliefs or ideas among a lot of people
ex: Her ideas have been promulgated widely on the Internet.
=> 2. To announce something publicly, especially a new law
ex: The new law was finally promulgated in the autumn of last year.
TO ENACT A LAW (v)
=> Thông qua luật
ex: A package of economic sanctions is to be enacted against the country.
ex: The bill would be submitted for public discussion before being enacted as law. (đề xuất luật)
TO ENACT STH (v)
=> Diễn 1 vai trong vở kịch
ex: The stories are enacted using music, dance, and mime (kịch câm).
VELOCITY /vəˈlɒs.ə.ti/ (n)
=> Vận tốc
ex: If nationalk companies cannot produce at the same velocity that people demand goods, they need to import them from outside.
OBTRUSIVE /əbˈtruː.sɪv/ (adj)
=> Lộ liễu, gây chú ý
ex: The waiter was attentive without being obtrusive.
ex: We used less obtrusive colors in the bedrooms.
ENDURANCE /ɪnˈdʒʊə.rəns/ (n)
=> C2 The ability to keep doing something difficult, unpleasant, or painful for a long time.
ex:
1. The pain was bad beyond endurance.
2. Heavy manual work calls for strength and endurance.
3. She’s already had to endure three painful operations(phẫu thuật) on her leg.
TO REPLICATE /ˈrep.lɪ.keɪt/ = TO CLONE = TO DUPLICATE STH (verb)
=> FORMAL: To make or do something again in exactly the same way:
ex: Researchers tried many times to replicate the original experiment.
=> BIOLOGY, COMPUTING SPECIALISED: If organisms and genetic or other structures replicate, they make exact copies of themselves:
ex: Chromosomes replicate before cells divide and multiply.
Computer viruses replicate themselves and are passed along from user to user.
STARTLING /ˈstɑː.təlɪŋ/ (adj)
=> Surprising and sometimes worrying:
ex:
1. startling results
2. He made some startling admissions about his past.
PACE /peɪs/ (noun)
=> B2 The speed at which someone or something moves, or with which something happens or changes (tốc độ, nhịp độ).
ex:
1. I donot like to pace of modern life.
2. He gave up his job in advertising because he couldn’t stand the pace (chịu được cường độ).
TO PACE YOURSELF
=> C2 to be careful not to do something too quickly, so that you do not get too tired to finish it.
ex: No more soup, thank you. I’m pacing myself so that I have room for a dessert.
PACE (v)
C2 [ I + adv/prep, T ] to walk with regular steps in one direction and then back again, usually because you are worried or nervous:
ex:
1. He paced the room nervously.
2. He paced up and down, waiting for the doctor to call.
TEMPT /tempt/ (v) = LURE (C2) = ENTICE
- To tempt sb (into sth/ into doing sth).
- Temptation (n) => resist temptation.
=>To make someone want to have or do something, especially something that is unnecessary or wrong (dụ dỗ làm việc sai).
ex:
1. The offer of free credit tempted her into buying a new car.
2. [ + to infinitive ] They tempted him to join the company by offering him a huge salary and a company car.
=> To encourage someone to want to have or do something, esp. something wrong (quyến rũ, cuốn hút).
ex: I’m trying to diet – don’t tempt me with that cake!
DOMINATE /ˈdɒm.ɪ.neɪt/ (v)
*To dominate sb/sth
=> B2 [ I or T ] to have control over a place or person (Kiểm soát có ảnh hướng đến sb/sth; chi phối,thống trị).
ex:
1. She was a boisterous (/ˈbɔɪ.stər.əs/ noisy, energetic, and rough) girl with a loud voice who always dominated the conversation
2. They work as a group - no one person is allowed to dominate.
3. Oak trees dominate the forest.
4. The train crash dominated the news.
BULKY /ˈbʌl.ki/ (adj) = HEFTY
ex: A hefty fine/bonus. (án phạt).
=> C1 too big and taking up too much space.
ex:
1. The office buys paper in bulk to keep down costs. (to buy sth in bulk: mua số lượng lớn).
2. I was amazed by the sheer (C1) bulk of the creature.
FREIGHT /freɪt/ (n)
- CIF*=Cost+ Insurance + Freight.
- Commodity: hàng hóa và nhiên liệu thô.
=>Goods, but not passengers, that are carried from one place to another, by ship, aircraft, train, or truck, or the system of transporting these goods:
ex: The ship carries both freight and passengers.
=>The money paid for transporting goods (Chi phí vận chuyển).
OBSTACLE /ˈɒb.stə.kəl/ (n) = HINDRANCE (to hinder) = SETBACKS (to set sb back) = ADVERSITY
*To prevent/ hold back/ set back sb from doing sth.
=>C1 Something that blocks you so that movement, going forward, or action is prevented or made more difficult. (trở ngại).
ex:
1. This decision has removed the last obstacle to the hostages’ release.
2. The team suffered a major setback when their best player was injured.
3. The high price is a major hindrance to potential buyers.
INTACT /ɪnˈtækt/ (adj) # DEFUNCT /dɪˈfʌŋkt/ (không còn tồn tại, hoạt động, lỗi thời).
*Remain intact
=> C2 complete and in the original state:
ex: The church was destroyed in the bombing but the altar survived intact.
=> C2 not damaged:
ex: It’s difficult to emerge from such a scandal with your reputation still intact.
VESSEL /ˈves.əl/ (n)
SUBMARINE /ˌsʌb.məˈriːn/ (n)
YATCH /jot/ (n)
CRUISER /ˈkruː.zər/ (n)
=> Tàu lớn
=> Tàu ngầm
=> Du thuyền
=> Tàu chiến lớn, nhanh.
DOCK /dok/ (n)
=> C1 [ C ] An area of water in a port that can be closed off and that is used for putting goods onto and taking them off ships or repairing ships (chỗ đậu tàu, nhỏ thôi).
TARIFF /ˈtær.ɪf/ (n)
TAX
DUTY
CUSTOMS
=> A charge or list of charges either for services or on goods entering a country
=> Money paid to the government that is based on your income or the cost of goods or services you have bought (income tax, taxt cuts).
=> A tax paid to the government, especially on things that you bring into a country
=> Money paid to the government when you take particular goods from one country to another
SHELTER /ˈʃel.tər/ (n)
*Take shelter (collocation)
TO SHELTER SB FROM STH
=> B2 Chỗ ẩn náu, trú ngụ thô sơ
ex: They tried to seek shelter from the rain.
=> C2 [ I or T ] to protect yourself, or another person or thing, from bad weather, danger, or attack:
ex:
- We were caught in a thunderstorm, without anywhere to shelter.
- A group of us were sheltering from the rain under the trees.
MONOPOLY /məˈnɒp.əl.i/ (n)
*TO MONOPOLISE STH
=> C2 (an organization or group that has) complete control of something, especially an area of business, so that others have no share (sự độc quyền, thao túng).
ex: The government is determined to protect its tobacco monopoly.
=> Nắm độc quyền sử dụng cái gì
ex: Men traditionally monopolized jobs in the printing industry.
INSULATE /ˈɪn.sjə.leɪt/ (v) => insulation (n).
*To insulate sb/sth from sth
=> To cover and surround something with a material or substance in order to stop heat, sound, or electricity from escaping or entering (cách ly, bảo vệ sb/sth khỏi nhiệt độ, điện, âm thanh).
ex: You can insulate a house against heat loss by having the windows double-glazed.
TO PENETRATE /’penitreit/ (v)
=> Xuyên vào
SHRINK /ʃrɪŋk/ (v)
=> Co lại
ex:
- Clothes washed in hot water tend to shrink.
- The market for their products is shrinking.
PERNICIOUS /pəˈnɪʃ.əs/ (adj) = DELETERIOUS /del.iˈtɪə.ri.əs/ = FATAL/ˈfeɪ.təl/ = INSIDIOUS /ɪnˈsɪd.i.əs/ = CAUSTIC /ˈkɔː.stɪk/ (chemical) = CORROSIVE /kəˈrəʊ.sɪv/ (chemical) = NOXIOUS /ˈnɒk.ʃəs/ (gas) = NOISOME /ˈnɔɪ.səm/
=> Gây hại từ từ (ăn mòn dần)
ex:
1. A pernicious influence is a deleterious, corrupting oe deadly influence.
2. Unemployment is having a corrosive effect on your economy.
PRECARIOUS /prɪˈkeə.ri.əs/ (adj)
= PERILOUS /ˈper.əl.əs/
= HAZARDOUS /ˈhæz.ə.dəs/ => hazard (n)
=> C2 dangerous.
ex: The busy traffic entrance was a hazard to pedestrians (người đi bộ).
=> Bếp bênh, mong manh không ổn định
ex:
1. He earned a precarious living as an artist.
2. That ladde(thang) looks very precarious.
CONTENT /kənˈtent/ (adj) = SATISFY = FULLFILL
=> Contentment (n).
- To be content with sth
- To be content to do sth
=> Hài lòng
ex:
1. She was content with her life as it was.
2. They’re content to socialize with a very small circle of people.
3. Workaholics can only find fuifillment in their work.
DERIVE STH FROM STH
=> Obtain sth from sth
ex: He derived great satisfaction from knowing that his son was happy.
AUTONOMY /ɔːˈtɒn.ə.mi/ (n)
=> Autonomous (adj)
=> Sự tự chủ, tự đưa ra quyết định.
ex: Activists (nhà hoạt động xã hội, chính trị) stepped up (tăng về số lượng, chất lượng) their demands for local autonomy last month.
HARDSHIP /ˈhɑːd.ʃɪp/ (n) # be nohardship
=> C1 (something that causes) difficult or unpleasant conditions of life, or an example of this
ex: economic hardship
MEAGER /ˈmi·ɡər/ (adj)
=> Nghèo nàn, đạm bạc, nhỏ về số lượng, kém về chất lượng.
ex:
1. The food at my grandmother’s house was meager and barely edible (C1 gần như không ăn được).
2. I have a meager income by waiting tables.
sth VANISH /ˈvæn.ɪʃ/ (v) + into
=> Cái gì đó biến mất vào cái gì
ex: She cannot just have vanished into thin air (lặng mất tăm).
sth WITHER /ˈwɪð.ər/ (v)
=> Khô héo, become kém quan trọng, dần biến mất.
ex: Grass has withered in the fields.
UNIQUE /juːˈniːk/ (adj) # UBIQUITOUS /juːˈbɪk.wɪ.təs/
=> Độc đáo.
=> Phổ biến.
ex: She is one of the wealthies, most ubiquitous media personalities(a famous person) around.
NOMADIC /nəʊˈmæd.ɪk/ (adj) => nomad (n)
= VAGRANT /ˈveɪ.ɡrənt/
=> Du mục, nay đây mai đó
ex:
1. Dating(hẹn hò) is an obvious problem with this nomadic lifestyle.
2. They were nomads who hunted game (wild animals) and tended (quan tâm) their herds of cattle.
3. A vagrant beggar (ăn xin).
Starve / Sta:v/ (v)
*Starving (adj)
= Ravenous /ˈræv.ən.əs/
# Stuffed
=> C1 Rất đói, bỏ đói ai đó.
ex: People starveed of sleep start to lose their concen tration and may hallucinate (ảo giác) # lucid (tỉnh táo).
MARGINALIZE /ˈmɑː.dʒɪ.nəl.aɪz/ (v)
=> Đẩy ai đó ra ngoài lề của xã hội.
ex: Many were systematically marginalized and starved of funds and recognition.
CURTAIL /kəˈteɪl (v)
=> Giảm, ngừng hẳn cái gì đó; cắt giảm.
ex: The new laws are an effort to curtail illegal drug use.
INCIDENCE /ˈɪn.sɪ.dəns/ (n)
=> Khả năng xảy ra cái gì đó; likelihood. Tỉ lệ xác suất xảy ra.
ex: There’s been an increased incidence of cancer in the area.
INCIDENT /ˈɪn.sɪ.dənt/ (n)
=> Sự việc
ex: She described the incident as outrageous ( /ˌaʊtˈreɪ.dʒəs/ khinh bỉ, xúc phạm).
CREDIBILITY /ˌkred.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/ (n)
- Credible (adj)
=> C2 the fact that someone can be believed or trusted (sự tín nhiệm, tin cậy).
ex: The government is desperate (/ˈdes.pər.ət/ tồi tệ, giữ dội, liều lĩnh) to regain credibility with the public to regain credibility with the public.
CONSECUTIVE /kənˈsek.jə.tɪv/ (adj)
=> C2 Liên tục
CREDENTIALS /krɪˈden·ʃəlz/ (plural noun)
=> Documents that state the abilities and experience of a person and show that the person is qualified for a particular job or activity:
ex: I got my teaching credentials from San Jose State.
TO IMPINGE on/upon sth /ɪmˈpɪndʒ/ (v) => Impingement (n)
= TO ENCROACH on/upon sth
=> Ảnh hưởng xấu lên cái gì, xâm hại xâm phạm cái gì, về không gian, thời gian hoặc quyền của ai đó.
ex:
1. The laws should not impinge upon the freedom of the press (báo chí)
2. He never allowed works to encroach upon his family life.
OBJECTION /əbˈdʒek.ʃən/ (n)
- An objection to sth
- Object to
- Raise/ voice objections to (đưa ra sự pđ).
=> Sự phản đối
ex: A couple of people raised/coived objections to the proposal.
TO BE SUBJECT TO STH
=> Dễ bị ảnh hưởng vì cái gì xấu, dễ bị gây hại
ex: She has been subject to attacks of depression.
VIABLE /ˈvaɪ.ə.bəl/ C2 = FEASIBLE /ˈfiː.zə.bəl/ C1 (adj)
=> Khả thi, có khả năng thành công.
ex: It is hoped that public transport will provide a viable alternative to car travel.
REFUTE /rɪˈfjuːt/ (v)
- To refute sth
=> Chứng minh sb/sth wrong
ex: This study cannot provide data to confirm or refute this hypothesis (/haɪˈpɒθ.ə.sɪs/).
ALLEGATION /ˌæl.əˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ (n)
=> Sự buộc tội
Embezzle /ɪmˈbez.əl/ (v)
=> Trộm, tham ô tiền
ADVOCATE /ˈæd.və.keɪt/ (v)
=> C2 to publicly support or suggest an idea, development, or way of doing something
ex: He’s a strong advocate of state ownership of the railways.
DISPERSAL /dɪˈspɜːs/ (n)
*To disperse = to scatter = to disseminate /dɪˈsem.ɪ.neɪt/
=> Sự phân tán, rải rác.
ex: The fog began to disperse.
TO FLOURISH /ˈflʌr.ɪʃ/ (v)
= TO THRIVE /θraɪv/
=> C2 [ I ] to grow or develop successfully (nở rộ, thành công rực rỡ).
=> C1 to grow, develop, or be successful
TO SPROUT /spraʊt/ (v)
=> Nảy mầm, mọc lên nhiều như nấm.
ex: Hundreds of mushrooms had sprouted up overnight.
AFFLICT /əˈflɪkt/ (v)
- To afflict sb/sth
=> Gây hại, gây đau đớn cho ai (y tế, sức khỏe, tổn thương tình cảm).
ex:
1. She was afflicted by the death of her parents.
2. It is an illness that afflicts women more than men.
ACCELERATE /əkˈsel.ə.reɪt/ (v)
=> C2 [ I ] When a vehicle or its driver accelerates, the speed of the vehicle increases:
ex: The driver accelerated on the bend and appeared to lose control of the vehicle.
=> C1 [ I or T ] to happen or make something happen sooner or faster
ex: Inflation (lạm phát) continues to accelerate.
RETREAT /rɪˈtriːt/ (v)
*A retreat (n): nơi nghỉ ngơi tránh xa chốn phồn hoa đô thị.
=> C2 [ I often + adv/prep ] to go away from a place or person in order to escape from fighting or danger (rút quân, đi đến 1 nơi an toàn)
ex: Attacks by enemy aircraft forced the tanks to retreat (from the city).
=> C2 [ I ] to go to a quiet safe place in order to avoid a difficult situation:
ex: When he’s done something wrong, he retreats to his bedroom.
EMPIRICAL /ɪmˈpɪr.ɪ.kəl/ (adj)
HYPOTHESIS /haɪˈpɒθ.ə.sɪs/ (adj)
=> C2 Thực tiễn, kinh nghiệm
ex: Empirical evidence/.knowledge/research
=> C2 Giả thuyết
ex: There is little evidence to support these hypotheses.
ATTRIBUTE /ˈæt.rɪ.bjuːt/ (n)
=> Thuộc tính, quy cho là
ex:
1. Her death was attributable to natural causes.
2. Self-confidence is a rare attribute in a 17 years old.
RETAIN /rɪˈteɪn/ (v)
*To improve the retention rate: giữ lại những nhân viên học sinh tốt.
=> C2 Giữ lại
ex: She has lost her battle to retain control of the company.
DETERIORATE /dɪˈtɪə.ri.ə.reɪt/ (v)
=> C1 to become worse.
ex: She was taken into hospital last week when her condition suddenly deteriorated.
FARE WELL/ BADLY
- Fare (n): tiền xe
- Farewell (n,adj): tạm biệt => a farewell speech
=> Thành công, thất bại
ex:
1. This movie fared poorly at the British box office
2. How did you fare in your exams?
INTELLECT /ˈɪn.təl.ekt/ (n)
- Intellectual = Cerebral /ˈser.ə.brəl/ (adj)
=> C2 [ U ] the ability to understand and to think in an intelligent way (Đầu óc, tư duy).
ex:
1. She has a formidable intellect.
2. MR Vinh Ielts is a man more noted for his intellect than his charm
3. The stroke left her partially paralyzed, but her intellect was not affected.
- C2 Dữ dội, to lớn, kinh khủng
- Được chú ý đến
- Vẻ ngoài
- Đột quỵ
- Liệt 1 phần
FORMIDABLE /fɔːˈmɪd.ə.bəl/ (adj)
=> C2 causing you to have fear or respect for something or someone because that thing or person is large, powerful, or difficult:
ex:
- a formidable obstacle/task
- a formidable adversary/enemy/opponent
- a formidable intellect
FEAT /fi:t/ (n)
= PROWESS /ˈpraʊ.es/ (n) => Kĩ năng tuyệt vời làm việc gì đó; sức mạnh (metaphor: ẩn dụ).
ex: He proved his athletic prowess with two convincing wins.
=> C2 something difficult needing a lot of skill, strength, courage, etc. to achieve it (kỳ công, chiến công)
ex: The Eiffel Tower is a remarkable feat of engineering.
FEAST /fi:st/ (n)
=> C1 a special meal with very good food or a large meal for many people. (đại tiệc)
ex:
1. a weeding feast
2. a veritable feast of music
CONVICTION /kənˈvɪk.ʃən/ (n)
=> C2 Sự tự tin; sự kết án ( to be convicted of sth).
ex:
1. The conviction rate for rape is extremely low.
2. Since it was her first conviction for stealing, she was given a less severe sentence.
- tỉ lệ tội phạm hiếp dâm
- tuyên án nặng, khắt khe.
HERD /hɜːd/ (n)
= SCORES OF ex: scores of people
= A HANDFUL OF = MANY ex: a handful of rice
=> Bầy đàn, nhóm người
ex:
1. a herd of deer (hưu)
2. The animals tend to graze in a herd.
* chăn
PARAMOUNT /ˈpær.ə.maʊnt/ (adj)
=> C2 more important than anything else
ex: Protecting the President is of paramount importance.
INDIGENOUS /ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.nəs/ (adj)
=> Naturally existing in a place or country rather than arriving from another place (Bản địa, mang tính chất thổ dân, very native)
ex:
1. indigenous language
2. indigenous people
3. indigenous music
SUFFICE /səˈfaɪs/ (v)
# A LACK OF STH = A DEARTH OF STH = A PAUCITY OF STH
=> an INSATIABLE /ɪnˈseɪ.ʃə.bəl/ / UNQUENCHABLE
/ʌnˈkwen.tʃə.bəl/ thirst for sth
( cannot be satisfied, không thể thỏa mãn được)
- Sth suffice (sufficient)
=> To be enough
ex: I’m hungry, but just a snack will suffice.
CONCEIVE /kənˈsiːv/ (v)
- To conceive sth/ of sth
- To conceive ( a baby ) = procreate.
=> C2 [ I or T ] to imagine something (hình dung )
=> C2 [ T ] to invent a plan or an idea
=> C2 [ I or T ] to become pregnant, or to cause a baby to begin to form (thụ thai)
ex:
1. I think my uncle still conceives OF me as a four-year-old.
2. He conceived the plot for this film while he was still a student
3. The baby was conceived in March, so will be born in December.
HINDRANCE /ˈhɪn.drəns/ (v)
=> To hinder sb FROM DOING sth
ex: An oldd injury him from playing his best.
=> C2 to limit the ability of someone to do something, or to limit the development of something:
ex: High winds have hindered firefighters in their efforts to put out the blaze.
TO HINDER = TO HAMPER /ˈhæm.pər/
TO HAMPER = TO DETER /dɪˈtɜːr/ ( topic về tội ác )
TO DETER = TO DISCOURGE
TO DISCOURGE = TO HOLD SB BACK FROM DOING STH ( ngăn cản )
TO HOLD BACK = TO SET BACK
=> Dùng trong writing cực tốt
EQUIVOCAL /ɪˈkwɪv.ə.kəl/ (adj)
= AMBIGUOUS /æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/ C2
=> Not clear and seeming to have two opposing meanings, or confusing and able to be understood in two different ways.( mâp mờ, không có ý nghĩa hoặc mục đích rõ ràng, có thể hiểu theo nhiều cách khác nhau).
ex:
1. The answer is an unequivocal “YES”
2. The church has been unequivocal in its condemnation of the violence.
- rõ ràng
- sự kết án; sự chỉ trích, lên án.
STUNNED /stʌnd/ (adj)
=> C2 very shocked or surprised
ex:
- I am stunned and saddened by this news.
- I was stunned by the apparent gender disparity in organ donation.
* C2
* /dɪˈspær.ə.ti/ bất bình đẳng
* hiến tạng
=> Rất đẹp, rất ấn tượng - gây sốc
ex:
1. a stunning view of the lake.
2. This morning staff wer given the stunning news that the factory is to close.
HYPNOTIZE /ˈhɪp.nə.taɪz/ (v) => Hypnosis (n) => Hypnotic (adj) * To hypnotise sb * under hypnosis
=> Thôi miên
=> Trạng thái thôi miên
=> Có tính chất thôi miên; gây buồn ngủ
ex:
1. She agreed to be hypnotised to try to remember what had happened.
2. His voice had an almost hypnotic effect.
EMBRACE sth /ɪmˈbreɪs/
TO EMBRACE NEW CULTURES, IDEAS, BELIEFS, TECHNOLOGY…
=> C2 Ôm, C1 bao gồm.
ex:
1. She saw them embrace on the station platform
2. The talks embraced a wide range of issues.
=> C1 to accept something enthusiastically
ex:
1. We are always eager to embrace the latest technology.
2. While studying abroad, students have a chance to embrace new cultures.
