Academic degrees

Question 1

Academic Degrees

Answer 1

If mention of a degree is necessary to establish someone’s
credentials, the preferred form is to avoid an abbreviation and use instead a phrase such as: John Jones, who has a doctorate in psychology. Use an apostrophe in bachelor’s degree, a master’s, etc., but there is no possessive in Associate in Science, Associate in Arts, Bachelor of Arts or Master of Science. (Also: an associate degree (no possessive). Use such abbreviations as A.A., A.S., B.A., M.A., LL.D. and Ph.D. only when the need to identify many individuals by degree on first reference would make the preferred form cumbersome. Use these abbreviations only after a full name—never after just a last. When used after a name, an academic abbreviation is set off by commas: Daniel Moynihan, Ph.D., spoke.
Do not precede a name with a courtesy title for an academic degree and follow it with the abbreviation for the degree in the same reference:
Wrong: Dr. Pam Jones, Ph.D.
Right: Dr. Pam Jones, a chemist.

Question 2

Academic Departments

Answer 2

Use lowercase except for words that are proper nouns or
adjectives: the department of history, the history department, the department of English, the English department, or when department is part of the official and formal name: University of Connecticut Department of Medicine. Do not abbreviate department.

Question 3

Addresses

Answer 3

use the abbreviations Ave., Blvd. and St. only with a numbered address: 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. Spell them out and capitalize when part of a formal street name without a number: Pennsylvania Avenue. Lowercase and spell out when used alone or with more than one street name: Massachusetts and Pennsylvania avenues.
All similar words (alley, drive, road, terrace, etc.) always are spelled out. Capitalize them when part of a formal name without a number; lowercase when used alone or with two or more names.
Always use figures for an address number: 9 Morningside Circle.
Spell out and capitalize First through Ninth when used as street names; use figures with two letters for 10th and above; 7 Fifth Ave., 100 21st St. Abbreviate compass points used to indicate directional ends of a street or quadrants of a city in a numbered address: 222 E. 42nd St., 562 W. 43rd St., 600 K St. N.W. Do not abbreviate if the number is omitted: East 42nd Street, West 43rd. Use periods in the abbreviation P.O. for P.O. Box numbers.

Question 4

Affect, Effect

Answer 4

Affect, as a verb, means to influence: The game will affect the
standings. Affect, as a noun, is best avoided.
Effect, as a verb, means to cause: He will effect many changes in the company.
Effect, as a noun, means result: The effect was overwhelming. He miscalculated
the effect of his actions.

Question 5

Ages

Answer 5

Always use figures for people and animals (but not for inanimates): The girl
is 15 years old; the law is eight years old. Use hyphens for ages expressed as
adjectives before a noun or as substitutes for a noun. Examples: A 5-year-old boy,
but the boy is 5 years old. The woman is in her 30s (no apostrophe).

Question 6

A.M. , P.M.

Answer 6

Lowercase, with periods. Avoid the redundant 10 a.m. this morning.
Noon and midnight stand alone. Don’t use 12 noon or 12 a.m.

Question 7

Apostrophe (‘)

Answer 7

In general, use to show possession: the alumni’s contributions,
women’s rights, Northridge’s reputation. If the word ends with an S put the
apostrophe after the S: the campus’ appearance, the reporters’ deadlines. Do not
use an apostrophe if it’s simply a plural and NOT a possessive.
Wrong: She gave the CD’s to me.
Right: He has too many CDs to count.

Question 8

California

Answer 8

The abbreviation is Calif. when the name of the city is included.
Otherwise, always spell it out.
Wrong: Northridge, CA
Right: Northridge, Calif.

Question 9

Died

Answer 9

Use died, not passed away

Question 10

Held, Hold

Answer 10

Use held only in the literal sense: He held the pencil. She wants to
hold the baby. Do not use held when referring to events, concerts, conventions, etc. In most cases, the word held can simply be removed with no impact. For rare
occasions, the words hosted or sponsored suffices.
Wrong: The club held its meeting on Thursday.
Right: The club had its meeting on Thursday.
Wrong: The convention will be held at a hotel in Los Angeles Hotel.
Right: The convention will take place at a hotel in Los Angeles Hotel.

Question 11

It’s, its

Answer 11

It’s is a contraction for it is or it has: It’s up to you. It’s been a long time.
Its is the possessive form of the neuter pronoun: The dog chased its tail.

Question 12

Months

Answer 12

Capitalize the names in all uses. When a month is used with a specific 
date, abbreviate only Jan., Feb., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov. and Dec. Spell out the months with five letters or less: March, April, May, June and July. Spell out all months when using alone or with a year alone: The class ended in December. He was born in August 1980. (No comma between the month and year if a specific 
date isn’t used.)

Question 13

Numerals

Answer 13

Spell out one through nine; 10 and higher use numerals. Since
graduating high school three years ago, Susan has had 12 jobs. Use numerals for
sports scores (a 4-3 win), percentages (a 3 percent pay increase), court decisions
(a 5-4 decision), ratios (a 2-to-1 ratio), weights (The baby weighed 9 pounds, 7
ounces.) and with million or billion (The nation has 1 million citizens. Rupert Murdoch is worth more than $5 billion.) Avoid starting a sentence with a numeral
since it will need to be spelled out. If possible, rewrite the sentence.
Wrong: 993 freshmen entered the college last year.
Right: Last year 993 freshmen entered the college.

Question 14

Over

Answer 14

It generally refers to spatial relationships (The plane flew over the city) but is now acceptable when referring to a quantity.
Their salaries increased over $20 a week.

Question 15

More than

Answer 15

Their salaries increased more than $20 a week.

Question 16

Percent

Answer 16

One word. It takes a singular verb when standing alone or when a singular word follows an of construction: The teacher said 60 percent was a failing grade. He said 50 percent of the membership was there. It takes a plural verb when a plural word follows an of construction: He said 50 percent of the members were there. Use figures: 1 percent, 2.5 percent (use decimals, not fractions), 10 percent. For amounts less than 1 percent, precede the decimal with a zero: The cost of living rose .06 percent. Repeat percent with each individual figure: He said 10 percent to 30 percent of the electorate may not vote.

Question 17

Quote Marks

Answer 17

Use quote marks for exact, word-for-word comments. Put a comma
inside the ending quote marks. “CSUN is a great place to learn,” said Stephanie
Bluestein, journalism professor.

Question 18

Seasons

Answer 18

Lowercase spring, summer, fall, winter and derivatives such as
springtime unless part of a formal name: Dartmouth Winter Carnival, Winter Olympics, Summer Olympics. Capitalize seasons when the exact year is included: Fall 2014 semester

Question 19

Series of Three or More

Answer 19

Do not use a comma before the word “and” when listing
a series of three or more things: The flag was red, white and blue. She has lived in many communities, including Sherman Oaks, Studio City, Canoga Park and Reseda.

Question 20

Spacing

Answer 20

Use only one space between sentences.

Question 21

Titles

Answer 21

In general, capitalize formal titles used directly before a person’s name. Use courtesy titles (Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss) only in direct quotations. Otherwise, simply use the person’s first and last name.

Question 22

To

Answer 22

Use to between two dates, times or numerals: The museum, which has a mummy display from June to August, is open from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. daily. (Do not use a hyphen to separate dates, times or numerals.)

Question 23

That, Which (Pronouns)

Answer 23

Use that and which in referring to inanimate objects and
to animals without a name. Use that for essential clauses, important to the meaning of the sentence and without commas: I remember the day that we met. Use which for nonessential clauses, where the pronoun is less necessary and use commas: The dog, which had strong legs, was a natural jumper.

Question 24

Who, Whom

Answer 24

Who is the pronoun used for references to human beings and to
animals with a name. It is grammatically the subject (never the object) of a sentence, clause or phrase: The woman who rented the apartment moved out without notifying the owner. Who is there?
Whom is used when someone is the object of the verb or preposition: The woman to whom the apartment was rented moved out without notifying the owner. Whom do you wish to see?