AC4.1 Flashcards
1
Q
Individualistic theories inform policy
A
- token economy
- aversion therapy
- cognitive behavioural therapy
2
Q
Token Economy
A
- based on operant conditioning - behaviour which is reinforced is repeated and behaviour which is punished is not repeated
- put together a list of desirable behaviours an will reinforce them with a token (token can be traded in for rewards)
3
Q
Token economy effectiveness
A
- successful in psychiatric hospitals and people with schizophrenia
- positive effects with young people
4
Q
Aversion Therapy
A
- based on operant conditioning but rather than reinforcing desired behaviour aims to punish undesirable behaviour
- used to treat sex offenders - mild electric shocks given when inmates become aroused by unacceptable sexual fantasies
5
Q
Aversion therapy effectiveness
A
- harmful and ineffective
- unethical, experts believe that using negative stimulus as aversion is unethical
6
Q
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
A
- based on idea thta cognitions shape our behaviour
- offenders have distorted and irrational thinking
- aims to change offenders’ thoughts
- ‘Aggression Replacement Training’ - for violent andn aggressive offenders and involves interpersonal skills training through role play
7
Q
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Effectiveness
A
- farely successful as is long-term solution rather than short-term
- considerably reduces reoffending
8
Q
Biological theories informing policy
A
- Drug treatment
- Surgery
- Eugenics
9
Q
Drug treatment
A
- used to control criminal or anti-social behaviour
- antabuse prevents the body from breaking down alcohol immediately - causing hangover like symptoms
- Methadone - treat drug addiction
- Stilbestrol - reduces sex drive
10
Q
Drug treatment effectiveness - methadone
A
- long-term alternative to heroin to prevent withdrawal symptoms
- provides a legal, medically controlled substitute
11
Q
Drug treatment effectiveness - chemical castration
A
- female hormone that has been used to suppress testosterone as a way of reducing men’s sex drive
- can have serious side effects including breast development, feminisation
12
Q
Surgery
A
- used to alter offender’s brains or bodies with the aim of preventing them from offending
- surgical castration
- lobotomy
13
Q
Surgery effectiveness - surgical castration
A
- used on sex offenders in the past to change offending behaviour
- testosterone levels may not be reduced and the presumed reduction in re-offending rates are not based on concrete scientific evidence
14
Q
Eugenics
A
- transmitted by inheriting a ‘criminal gene’
- obsessed with the fear that the human race was in danger of ‘degenerating’ because the poor were breeding at a faster rate than the higher classes
- ‘genetically unfit’ should be prevented from breeding
15
Q
Eugenics effectiveness
A
- theory failed to solve or reduce crime or modify any antisocial behaviour
- no relationship between the biological cause of crime and its solution
- it focuses on minorities
