AC3.2 Describe contribution of agencies to achieving social control Flashcards
1
Q
Environmental design
A
- Involves what a neighbourhood looks like and how it is designed to lower crime in the area.
- CPTED - Ray Jefferies - based on idea that crime happens due to opportunity from physical environment, crime should decrease.
- Crime can be reduced through creating open spaces with strong lighting, no blind spots, low level bushes, CCTV & surveillance.
2
Q
What are gated lanes?
A
Gates installed at entrance to alleyways in order to deter burglars from using alleyways to gain entry to property etc.
3
Q
Strengths of environmental design
A
- Provides sense of ownership
- Brian & Altman - physical modifications suggest resident care can help promote safer residential settings.
- Effective in distinguishing difference between neighbour and stranger
4
Q
Weaknesses of environmental design
A
- Expensive
- Taylor - environment is not strongest predictor of crime compared to social
- Displaces crime
5
Q
Strengths of gated lanes
A
- Safe play areas
- Prevents anti social behaviour
- Residents in Cardiff suggest they have reduced crime and prevented littering.
6
Q
Weaknesses of gated lanes
A
- Restricts access for residents
- Relies on all members of the community locking the gates
- £4000 per gate could be used for a community centre
7
Q
Prison design
A
- Traditional prison design is the panopticon shape, allowing observer to view all prisoners without them being aware.
- Other designs could include supermax jails where people are segregated by crime they committed and their risk.
- Norway has ‘holiday camp’ designs where prisoners live in houses with mostly free movement around vicinity.
8
Q
Strengths of prison design
A
- Cheaper
- Fear of punishment
9
Q
Weaknesses of prison design
A
- Does not promote good behaviour I cells
- Doesn’t always work
- Prison guards can not always see cells.
10
Q
Anti - social behaviour orders (behavioral tactics)
A
- Introduced to limit and correct low level anti social behaviour.
- They could be banned from certain areas or activities, or address their behaviour through attending a drug treatment programme.
- Aimed at serious and persistent offenders.
11
Q
Strengths of ASBO
A
- Deters people from committing crime
- Works to rehabilitate offenders
- Cheap to give out
12
Q
Weaknesses of ASBO
A
- Multiple offense are required first
- Not taken seriously
- In 10 years, 7248 ASBO were given out and 3572 were breached.
13
Q
Token economies (behavioral tactics)
A
- Used to control behaviour by reading positive behaviour & punishing negative behaviour.
- Often used through selective reinforcement, desirable behaviours will be encouraged and undesirable behaviour is extinguished.
14
Q
Strengths of token economies
A
- Hobbs & Holt - effective form of social control, is effective long term rather than short term.
- Cheap and easy to implement
- No delay between showing desirable behaviour and being reinforced.
15
Q
Weaknesses of token economies
A
- When out of prison there is no reward system - no incentive on behaviour
- Can lead to dependency
16
Q
Institutional tactics
A
- Have own methods of controlling undesired behaviour through rules and punishments is they’re broken.
- In prison, you would not be following the rules if you: cause damage to the prison, ignore instructions of staff or threatened/attacked someone else.
- In these situations, punishments are given such as cautions, privileges taken, extended prison time and being confined in cell.
17
Q
Gaps in state provision
A
- Unreported crime - police can only detect crime if it is Brough to their attention and reported, why there is a dark figure of crime.
- Budget cuts to police can negatively impact convictions due to a lack of police officers on ground and have too many cases to deal with effectively.
- Laws being implemented that can impact other laws such as Terrorists being unable to be deported due to Human Rights legislation.
