AC3.1 Flashcards
Police philosophy
Prevent crime and disorder
Ability to perform duties relies on public cooperation
Physical force is a last resort
Impartially serve law
Citizens in uniform
Police aims and objectives
Keep and maintain peace and order
Protect lives and property
Prevent, detect, and investigate crime
Bring offenders to justice
Police funding
2/3 central government
Most of the rest from local council tax
Charging for services
Budget cuts, 2021 budget was £15.2 billion
Police working practices (national/local reach)
39 regional police forces in England & 4 in Wales, one for Scotland, same for Northern Ireland. Also specialist organisations with wider reach ie.boarder force
Police working practices (types of offender and criminality)
All types of offenders but specialist forces deal with certain types of crime ie. HM revenue and customs deal with tax evasion
Police working practices (police duties)
Patrolling, working with local community, responding to crime investigations dept, securing crime scenes, gathering evidence & arresting offenders
Police specialist policing
Unarmed policing- police are largely unarmed, force is a last resort, specialist forces are armed
Special constables- unpaid, part time volunteers, same training & legal powers as paid officers
Police community support officers- limited powers, deal with anti social behaviour, issued fixed penalty notices for littering or confiscating alcohol from underage drinkers
Police & crime commissioners- elected representatives of the people of the area
CPS role
Oversee prosecution of serious and complex cases
Advise police about lines of inquiry & evidence needed
Independently assesses evidence which is submitted & reviews cases
Decide if prosecution is necessary & what charges
Prepares and presents case in court
Assists informs and supports victims & witnesses
CPS Values
Independence and fairness
Honesty and openness
Treating everyone with respect
Behaving professionally & striving for excellence
Equality and inclusion
CPS funding
Government budget around 1/2 billion pounds per year
Recover some costs when courts award costs against defendants
2018 budget fallen by 25%
CPS working practices
Types of criminality: except for minor offences they deal with a full range of offences
National & local reach: 14 regional teams prosecuting local cases
Judiciary aims and objectives
Upholding law and ensuring justice
Ensure all citizens have access to fair courts and impartial courts
Protect human rights
Interoperate laws
Judiciary funding
Based on advice of senior salaries review body
2020 judges received £112,000
Lawyers disincentivised to become judge due to pay differences
Judiciary philosophy
6 principles:
Judicial independence
Impartiality
Integrity
Proprietary
Ensuring equal treatment
Competence
Two oaths:
Oath of allegiance
Judicial oath
Judiciary working practices types of criminality
Either way offences or indictable offences
Also hears appeals
Judiciary working practices national/local reach
Supreme Court has nationwide jurisdiction
Lower courts have local jurisdiction
Probation aims and objectives
Protect society by rehabilitating offenders and tackling the cause of offending
1.offenders serving a sentence in a community
2.offenders who have been released on licence from prison
Partnerships- courts police and local councils
Probation philosophy
Offenders can change for the better and become responsible members of society
Belief in the worth of an individual
Commitment to social justice social inclusion and diversity
Probation funding
Funded by government and come from general taxation
Probation working practices
Types of criminality: 250,000 offenders are on probation as they’re deemed safe enough to work in a community
National & local reach: work to the same standards across the country
Probation
Preparing pre sentencing reports
Managing approved premises for offenders with residency requirements
Assesses prisoners to prepare them for their re release on lincence
Help offenders reach the requirements of the community service
Prison philosophy
Preventing victims by changing the lives of offenders
Prison aims and objectives
Protect the public from harm
Help people who have been convicted to rehabilitate so they can contribute to society
Hold prisoners securely and implement the sentences of orders of the courts
Prison funding
Paid by government out of taxation
2018 budget was £3m
Average cost of keeping a prisoner- £41,136 per year
Prison working practices
Types of criminality- deals with higher risk offenders who are deemed unsuitable to serve their sentence in the community, severity changes from murder to theft
National and local reach- nationally organised, when sentenced offenders are sent to a local prison
Prison
If escapes are attempted offenders must wear handcuffs and a bright yellow suit when being moved.
Prisons have been criticised for their lack of opportunities for education
Prisons have incentives and earned privileges
Charities and pressure groups
Nacro
Prison reform trust
Nacro philosophy & aims and objectives
Housing- houses over 3000 tenants in its own properties and it also provides bail
accommodation and support services. In 2018, over 2600 people left custody with secure
permanent accommodation
Education- in 2018, 4900 people studied through Nacro’s education services.
Resettlement advice- provides support and advice about employment, education
and accommodation to people with criminal records
Outreach projects- to keep young people from offending
Nacro campaigns
Friday release- people being released on Friday have to rush to reach support
before services shut, setting people up to fail, fight to stop Friday releases
Nacro funding
income of £50m a year. Its funding comes from public donations,
government grants, and contracts for providing services for ex-offenders and others.
Nacro working practices
• Types of criminality and offender: Nacro works with a range of ex-offenders,
including those released from prison. It also works with young people at risk of
offending, such as those excluded from mainstream school. More broadly, it is
concerned with the needs of disadvantaged young people and adults.
• National/ local reach: Nacro is a national organisation with local activities and
projects in around 50 different parts of England and Wales at any one time. It has a
large full-time staff and many unpaid volunteers.
Prison reform trust aims and objectives
Aim:
improve prison regimes and conditions, defend and promote prisoners’ human rights,
address the needs of prisoners’ families, and promote alternatives to custody
Objectives:
1. reducing unnecessary imprisonment and promoting community solutions to
crime.
2. improving treatment and conditions for prisoners and their families; and
3. promoting equality and human rights in the justice system.
Prison reform trust funding
receives no funding from any government and its entirely dependent on voluntary
donations to carry out its work
Prison reform trust working practices
- Research
- Advice
- National and local reach
Prison reform trust campaigns
Out of trouble- Aim: reduce number of children and young people in prison
Howard league for prison reform
aims for less crime, safer communities, fewer people in prison and to transform prison
behind bars. It is entirely funded by donations and subscriptions, independent from the
government. It works with parliament, the media, agencie of the justice system and
members of the public
