Ac3 Flashcards
The first professional police officers
Peelers or bobbies, London 1829
How many police officers are there now
45 territorial police forced in uk
Aims and objectives for police
Police us to reduce crime and maintain law and o4der
The stature powers of arrest, detention, search and interview
Funding for plicr
Government grant and council tax
Main aspects of the philosophy of the police
Honesty and integrity
Authority, respect and courtesy
Equality and diversity
Working practices of police
Responsible got general beat duties and response to emergency and non emergency calls from the public. There are also specialist operations in the police which include: anti terrorism, covert operations, firearm, drugs and royal protection
People who support the police
Police community support officers who work on the front line providing a visible and reassurance presence on the streets tackling anti social behaviour
What are police and crime comissioners
The voice of the people and hold the police to account with an aim to cut crime and deliver an effective and efficient police service within their force area
Aims and objectives of CPS
Must decide which cases should be prosecuted keeping them all under continuous review,
Determine the appropriate charges in more serious or complex cases and advise the police
Prepare cases and present them at court
Provide info assistance and support to victims
CPS values
Independent and fair
Honest and open
Treat everyone with respect
Behave professionally and strive for excellence
Funding CPS
It is a government funded body with thr majority of its budget being approved by parliamemt: the 2016/17 budget being over 500,000,000.
Working practices CPS
Two code practise used to help decide whether to prosecute
E.g evidential test and public interest test
What is the judiciary divided into
Superior judges those working in the high court and above
Inferior judges those working in the lower courts
Aims and objectives judiciary
The role of a judge in a crown court criminal case is to make decisions about the law including its interpretation and applications and generally manage the trial. Must also explain the procedure and legal issues to the jury
Funding judiciary
Judicial salaries are decided following the recommendatiin of the senior salaries review body.(SSRB) provides independent advice to the prime minister, the lord Chancellor and secretary of state for defence
Philosophy judiciary
A judge must be loyal to the queen, as the monarch is the figurehead of the legal system and in whose name justice is carried our and law and order is maintained
Working practices judiciary
When judges are sworn they take two affirmations. The first is the oath of allegiance and the second ie the judicial oath, these are collectively referred to as the judicial oath
Hm prison service aims and objectives
Prison must provide some form of punishment, which involves the deprivation of liberty and all consequences that has for the prisoner
Hm prison services funding
Most prison governments funded with finances being raised through taxation. In 2015 the budget was 2.4 billion. Taxpayers in England are paying to run prisons
Philosophy hm prison servuce
The prison service serves the public by keeping in custody those committed by the courts. Their duty is to look after prisoners with humanity and help them lead law abiding and useful life’s while in custody and acter release
Working practices hm prison service
Most prisons are public sector
109 of 124 prisons are organised on the basis and are run by national offender manager service(noms)
But there are 14 private prisons
How many categories are there for prisons to be divided in depending on the level of security required ro oversee the prisoners
4
Category a
High risk/maximum security
Category b
High risk to others
Category c
Lower risk but not trusted to be in open conditions
Category d
Very low risk to others and dye for release soon, known as open prisons
National probation service
Criminal justice system that supervises hugh risk offenders released into the community. They work with around 30,000 offenders a year, supporting their rehabilitation while protecting rhe public. Work in partnership with 21 community rehabilitation companies
Probation
Means that someone is serving their sentence out of prison. An offender may be put on probation because od serving a community sentence or have been released from prison
Whil on probation offenders may have to:
Do unpaid work,
Complete an education or training course
Get treatment for addictions
Have regular meetings
Aims of NPS
Believe in the ability of people who have offended to change for the better society and become responsible members of society
Be committed to promoting social justice,social inclusion, equality and diversity
Funding of NPS
It’s priority is to protect public by tackling causes of offending and enabling offenders to turn their lives around. Served by 35 probation trusts it is funded by the national offender management service again through income taxation.
Working practices NPS
Prepare pre sentence reports for courts, to help in the selection of the most appropriate sentence. Have to assess offenders in prisons to prepare them for release on license I to the community. They must communicate with and prioritise the wellbeing of victims of sexual and violent offences
The prison reform trust
Charity established in 1981, which works to create a just, humane and effective penal system.
Improves prison regimes and conditions,defends and promotes prisoners human rights, address the needs of prisoners families, and promote alternatives to custody
PRT objectives
Reducing unnecessary imprisonment and promoting community solutions to crime
Improving treatment and conditions for prisoners and their families
Promoting equality and human rights in the justice system
What does prt do
Carries out research on aspects of prison life and provides advice and info to not only prisoners but agencies in the criminal justice syst3m.
Cpaigns that support prt
Out of trouble campaign which is seeking ti reduce the number of children and young people in prison improve the penal system form a main part of their work.
Prt does not receive any funding from the government ajd is entirely dependent on voluntary donations
The Howard league for penal reform
Oldest penal reform charity in the UK, having been established in 1866. It is named after john Howard one of the first prison reformers. Aims for less crime, safer communities and less people in prison.
Who does the Howard league for penal reform work with
Arliament, the media and numerous agencies
Howard league for penal reform funding
Entirely dependent of the government and is funded by voluntary donations and membership subscriptions
Successful campaigns run by Howard league for penal reform
Such as book for prison3re campaign which won a charity award in 2015 and a campaign ro reduce the criminlaisation of children by working closely with police forces in England and Wales.
Environmental design
Involves what a neighbourhood looks like and how it is designed, both of which have an impact on criminality. Based on the simple idea that crime results partly from the opportunities presented by the physical environment. Ir should be possible to alter the physical environment so that crime is less likely to occur
Environmental design theory created by
Ray Jeffery
Crime can be reduced by: environmental design
Creating open spaces eith strong lighting, especially in doorways to provide clear visibility.
A lack of hiding places to enable people to see around places such as corners and blind spots
Crime prevention through environmental design(CPTED) positives
Promotes a sense of ownership, woth school exteriors covered in artwork and resident-tended gardens. This could relate to the functionalist view of crime whereby positive boundary maintenance is achieved. Brown and altman(1981) found that physical medicine suggested resident care and watchfulness help to promote residential settings
What research proves environmental designs theory
Research shows a higher crime rate in cities with high rise blocks than those with low level buildings. In ohio a Cpted partnership plan with a housing authority management, residents and police officers has resulted in a 12 to 13 percent decline in crime
CPTED NEGATIVES
Suggests criminals operate in hidd3n places yet this is not always true. For example, gratitude often takes place in visible conditions
Prison design
Is a panopticion all being shape. The concept of the design is to allow an observer to view all prisoners without the prisoners being able to tell if they are being watched. Boulding has a tower at the centre, from which it is ie possible to each cell in which a prisoner is kept. In other words visibility is a trap as prisoners can be seen but cannot communicate with the prison officers or other prisoners. This design ensure a perman3nt visibility that ensures the functioning of power
Other prison designs
American supermax jails. These are the most secure levels of custody. The objective is to provide long term, segregated housing for prisoners whi represent the highest security risks. E.g Florence, colardo hols some of the most notorious terrorist and murderers. Home to 360 inmates but costs 2 to 3 more times to build and operate
Uks most recent prison
HMP berwyn, in Wrexham, north Wales and is also the country’s biggest holding 2106 prisoners
Another example if environmental design
Gated lanes these are gates that are installed at the entrance to rear alleyways in order to deter burglars or other criminals from using them to gain unlawful access from the rear of houses. Example is one in Preston Lancashire which proves popular residents giving them a feeling they can reclaim their streets
Behavioural tactics
Used by agencies to change a person’s behaviour to make them more socially complaint. Anti social behaviour orders(ASBOs) introduced in 1998 to limit and correct low level anti social behaviour which would often involve swearing and drinking
Bad about abso
We’re not without controversy and may critics suggested that persistent offenders viewed them as desirable and as a badge of honour. They were regularly breached and according to the civil rights group liberty. 56 percent of abso were breached in 2009 orders were replaced by criminal behaviour orders
Criminal behaviour order
Order that tackles the most serious and persistent anti social individuals where their behaviour has brought them before a criminal court. It can deal with a wife range of anti social behaviours following the offenders conviction including threatening violence against others or frequently being drunk and aggressive in public
Token economy
A form of behaviour modification that increases desirable behaviour and decreases undesirable behaviour by the use of tokens.
Desired behaviour may be:
Follow all rules
Keep clean
No fighting
No intimidation
Seek a job
Examples of rules that must be followed in prison
Behaving in a way that could offend, threaten or hurt someone else
Stopping prison staff from doing their jobs
Causing damage to the prison
Examples of punishments if prison rules are broken
You could get a caution
Your privileges could be taken away from you up ton42 days up to 84 days worth of any money you earn could be stopped
What interferes with using tactics or mechanism
Unreported crime
Repeat offenders/recidivism
If offenders faul to rehabilitate and continue to commit crime then social control will never be achieved. Between 1993 and 2015 the prison population nearly doubled in England with extra 41,000 people behind bars
What happens to anyone leaving custody who has served 2 or more days
Is now required to serve a minimum of 12 months under supervision in the community
Example of bromley briefings prison factfile winter 2021 showing repeat offending limits social control
Re conviction rates within a year of release from prison is very high at 45 percent
Re conviction rages for women released within the last year after serving a short prison sentence jumps to 73 percent
Annual total economic and social cost of reoffendinf is estimated to be 18.1 billion
Cicil liberties and basic rights
Freedom of speech
Freedom of movement
Freedom of association
Freedom if religious worship
Abu qatada case
Demonstrates the issue of civil liberties being a limitation to achieving social control as in 2012 the European court of human rights ruled that the hate preacher could not be d3ported to jordan because or the risk he would be tried on evidence obtained by torture. Theresa may said the racial Islamic cleric would have been sent back to jordan long ago had the echr not moved the goalposts by sterilising new unprecedented legal grounds for blocking his deportation
Access to resource and support limitations
Limits prisoners from being able to rehabilitate and therefore bring about social control. Upon release from prison aj offender will face problems with finance, accommodation and employment oe training opportunities.
Facts from the prisons reform trust winter 2021s factfule
78,000 adults in rhe prison system participated in education in the year 2017-2018 and a drop of 13 percent on the previous year
Number of people achieving qualifications fell by 13 percent in 2017-2018
Resource and support limitations
Lack of support or resources available means that prisoners are tempted to turn back to crime. According to the national association of the care and resettlement of offenders, out of the 38,000 p3ople they helped in 2016/17 48 percent of those housed had a primary or secondary support n3ed to manage the risk of offending
Finance
Public sector funding is inevitably limited and cuts in budget will impact on the effectiveness or agenic3ies providing social control. The police service has faced cure in its budget over recent years and sees no sign of money being increased over the next few years. Headlines showing includes: police budgets slashed by 300m despite too officers warnings
What happened according to the house of commons briefing paper
Police funding number 7279,25th February 2016, the central grant to police forces gas decreased in 25 percent in real terms fromn2010 ton2015. Inevitably this will limit the number of police officers able to investigate and detect crimes
Local police
Prioritise certain crimes in preference to others which would mean that some crimes are not investigated.
From 2010 to 2015 government promoted a policy to tackle gang crime. Introduced new offences to help improve prosecution rates and dedicated 1.2 m to fund support workers in the area. While it was entirely appropriate to set policies it can lead to police prioritising crime
Sadiq khan local police
Launched policing plans in March 2017 outlining a series or policies aimer at tackling hate crimes and boosting the metropolitan police armed anti terror squas
Environment
When prisoners are released from custody to there home environment ir has a substantial impact on whether or not they stay out of prison. All too often offenders return to the same social circle involving drug taking or reoffending. There is a lack of employment available or a focus to lead them away from the crime. According to the prt people are less likely to reoffend it they receive family visits while they are in prison, yet 68 percent of prisoners had no such visits. Also offenders are less likely to reoffend it 5hey lives with their immediate family on release, however only 61 percent do so.
A way to improve home environment for prisoners
Purposeful activity including education, work and other activities to aid rehabilitation while in prison, further reduced the risk of reoffendint. However Lees than half 44 percent of rhe prisons received a positive rating from inspectors in 2015 to 16
Crime committed by those with moral imperatives
A moral imperative is a strongly felt principle thag compels a person to act. In other words offenders can commit c5ime as they believe they are doing rhe right thing from a moral viewpoint. Assisted suicide can be an example
Kay gilderdale
Administrated drugs to her daughter to help her diet shoe rhag such drastic action can be out of a sense of sympathy and a feeling of being morally right to commit the crime
Police work:
Work in community to prevent crime. Keep the public safe and Tey to combat anti social behaviour
Issuing notices, if necessary ordering people to cease unacceptable behaviour and referring matters to a court if necessary
The puppy farm murderer
April 2017, Surrey Police were heavily criticised for returning a killers shotgun and firearm to certificate to him just months before a double murder. Seven mo ths before, john Lowe had his shotguns and certificate seized after his stepdaughter had reported to the police he had threatened to shoot her
Disorder in Cromer
September 2017, the police admitted to the residents or Cromer that they got it wrong in a meeting to discuss disorder and anti social behaviour in the seaside town. During a weekend of disorder by a group of p3ople, police recorded 37ncrimes, including rape, theft and assault. However, at the time they failed to provide support to rhe locals and classed it as low level disturbance but later said they misjudged the disorder
What does the office for national statistics think about the police
March 2017 police forces closed almost 48 percent of offences with no suspects identified. This included around 68 percent of criminal damage and arson offences. The proportion of offences thag resulted in a charge or summing decrease from 14 to 11 percent last year
What does the home office statistics
The police believe thag crimes is on the increase as in July 2017 it had increased by 10 percent and the largest annual rise for a decade. This includes a 20 percent increase in a guna and knife crime and a 26 percent ride in homicide
Cps
Brings an independent element to the charging and p4osscution offences. It is separate to the police but works with them to bring about social control.
Example of cps wrong
Occasions where the cps had failed to bring about social control. Lack of enthusiasm to take formal action against known offenders, such as Abu hamza the case of damolio taylor is an example of an inapporpiate application of the tests resulting in a failed prosecution. There has also been criticism of the failure to produce a successful prosecution concerning fgm
Judiciary
Increasing number of appeals alleging an unruly lenient sentence. The attorney Generals office said that 151 prison terms were increased in England and Wales in 2016 under the unduly lenient sentence scheme. This is a 17 percent rise from the previous year. It is worthy of note that ther were 41 sex offences, 16 associated with robbery and 19 eith previously body harm cases
Headlines of newspapers where judges have made inappeopiate comments
Judge who spared aspiring oxford student from jail after she stabbed her partner is cleared following investigation into three complaints 2017
Judge let’s former drug dealer off unpaid work because of transport issues
Drugs inside prisonlack of achieving social control
Undermines prison security through leading to the build up of debt and violence. Makes prisoners less likely to engage constructively in their rehabilitation and ir significantly contributes towards high reoffending rates. More than two in give prisoners in England and Wales reported committing offences un order to get money to buy drugs
Incidents in prison
An inmate of ymp pentobilele in north London was stabbed in 2016. Later the same person saw two inmates escape. After that officers lost control at hmp Bedford when hundred of prisoners rioted. As previously mentioned a riot also occur3d in hmp Birmingham 2016.
Statistics from ministry of justice show a rise in prison attacks over 5 years. In the end of June there were 23,775 assaults in prisons which amounted to a 62 percent rise from 2010
National probation servicr
Now works with other compainies
Probation
Now is considered to be less effec4ive by merging with other companies. The national audit office has warned that the government had no way of knowing how well companies responsible for running the country’s probation service.
Prison reform trust
Work towards a humane effective system
Who does the prison reform trust work with
Women’s institute to ensure people with mental illness were given treatment and not placed into prison. Some success was achieved in 2011 when th state for health announces their commitment to develop services within the police station and courts for vulnerable suspects and defendants. This was developed in 2014 showing an investment of 50m
Other organisations are
NHS
Bar council
Police federation
Who does the prison reform trust work with
Women’s institute to ensure people with mental illness were given treatment and not placed into prison. Some success was achieved in 2011 when th state for health announces their commitment to develop services within the police station and courts for vulnerable suspects and defendants. This was developed in 2014 showing an investment of 50m
Other organisations are
NHS
Bar council
Police federation
The prince’s teust
Helps young people include those who have been in trouble with yhr law, could be said ro be an effective charity as regarding social control. It was founded in 1976 and helped 825000 young peopl3. Helps 13 to 30 years of age
Howard league for penal teform
Oldest penal reform charity in thr yk established in 1866.. aims for less crime , safer communities and fewer people in prison. Runs successful campaign ls . E.g books for prisoners that wona. Charity award in 2015
