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Criminology > AC2 > Flashcards

AC2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is social control?

A

The enforcement of conformity by society upon its member, either by law or by social pressures

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2
Q

What are internal forms of social control?

A

Aspects of an individual’s character, background and morals that influence their levels of social conformity

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3
Q

What theorist refers to internal social control?

A

FREUD
- the ID and the development of the superego

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4
Q

What are the limitations to internal forms of social control?

A

Tradition & Culture
- Ones culture becomes part of their personality and they accept the norms and values
(e.g religion)

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5
Q

What are some agencies of external social control?

A

Family
Educational institutions
Religion
Mass media
Law & criminal justice
Health care

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6
Q

How do the Police produce external forms of control?

A
  • fines
  • cautions
  • stop + search
  • arrests
  • being intimidating overall
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7
Q

How do the CPS produce external forms of control?

A
  • prosecution
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8
Q

How do Judges and magistrates produce external forms of control?

A
  • sentences
  • bails
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9
Q

How does the prison service produce external forms of control?

A
  • token economy
    (privileges and punishments)
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10
Q

What is coercion?

A

The action or practice of persuading someone to do something/stop doing something by using force or threats

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11
Q

How is coercion used within criminal justice agencies?

A

Negative sanctions –> the threat of being forced into prison to stop reoffending

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12
Q

What are deterrents? (overall)

A

‘frightening’ the defendant or the public of punishment

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13
Q

What are specific deterrents?

A

Applies to an individual defendant
- theoretically less likely to commit another crime due to fear of another similar or worse punishment

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14
Q

What are general deterrents?

A

Applies to the public
- theoretically less likely to commit a crime bc of a fear of punishment the defendant experienced
(vicarious reinforcement)

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15
Q

What are the 4 conditions in Hirschi’s bond theory? (explained)

A

ATTACHMENT
- more attached = care abt opinion = more likely to respect norms
COMMITMENT
- more committed to conventional lifestyle = more to lose if commit crime
INVOLVEMENT
- more involved = less time to get involved with crime
BELIEF
- ideological agreement = less likely to disobey

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16
Q

How does control theory link to parenting?

A

PARENTS SHOULD
- spend time with their teenagers (involve themselves in their lives)
- be interested in their lives (school, friends, hobbies)
- show disapproval of criminal behaviour + explain the consequences

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17
Q

How does control theory link to containment theory?

A

RECKLESS argued that people have internal containment (self-control) and external containment (discipline)
- Attachment/ Belief(?)

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18
Q

How does control theory link to Sex role theory?

A

HEIDENSOHN argued that we live in a patriarchal society
- harder for women to commit crimes as they are involved in domestic duties
(involvement)

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19
Q

CASE STUDY for control theory

A

SINGAPORE: ‘CITY OF RULES’
- society of saints
- uses external fsc to push generational ideologies (e.g only being able to get a house if you are married or over 35)
- effective at reducing crime but no internal fsc

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20
Q

A method of reducing crime through control theories

A

Pre-paid benefit cards
- less likely to spend money on non-essentials like drugs and alcohol (works as a deterrent)
BUT could increase theft

21
Q

Limitations with control theory

A
  • only benefits the ruling class
  • justifies increased force
  • labelling theory –> crime is a response to social control
  • could create a society of saints
22
Q

When did prisons focus on retribution?

A

18th century
- capital punishments (death penalty)
- corporal punishment (branding)
- trial-by-ordeal (hot iron)
- deportation

23
Q

When did prisons focus on deterrence?

A

19th century
- removed arbitrary punishments aimed at the body - focused on punishing the mind (panopticon)
- (prisons were centralised + there was democracy in law making)

24
Q

When did prisons focus on rehabilitation?

A

Early 20th century
- sentencing started taking individual circumstances into consideration
(Gladstone report 1895)

25
Q

When did prisons focus on incapacitation?

A

Mid 1970s- 1997
- Criminal Justice Act 1993
- CJS in favour of victims/ public voting (Just desserts)

26
Q

When did prisons focus on restoration?

A

1997-2010
- Youth Justice & Criminal evidence act 1999
- a need to find an alt to prison (expensive, overcrowded etc)
- favour of non-custodial sentences

27
Q

When did prisons focus on all aims of punishment?

A

2010 - present
- privatisation
- selective incapacitation
- increased technological control
- overcrowding

28
Q

What is retribution?
(examples)

A

punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrong or criminal act
- death penalty
- corporal punishments
- community service (for vandalism/ littering)

29
Q

How does retribution ‘work’?

A
  • the punishment should be proportional to the wrong committed
    (just desserts)
30
Q

What is the underpinning theory for retribution?
(2)

A

Right realism - rational choice theory (full responsible)

Functionalist - boundary maintenance (setting an example)

31
Q

Criticisms of retribution as a punishment aim

A
  • deserve mercy/forgiveness
  • no fixed standard of proportionality
  • punishment can be inflicted when there is no benefit (e.g punishing a remorseful one-time offender)
32
Q

What is rehabilitation?
(e.g)

A

The idea that punishment can be used to reform or change offenders so they no longer offend
- e.g education and training programmes, anger management courses, drug treatments

33
Q

How does rehabilitation ‘work’?

A

Changes offender’s future behaviour by addressing the cause of their offending

34
Q

What is the underpinning theory for rehab?
(4)

A

INDIVIDUALISTIC THEORIES
- cognitive –> CBT - correct thinking errors
- Eysenck’s personality –> aversion therapy
- Skinner –> token economy
Left realism –> social factors as the cause of crime

35
Q

Criticisms of rehab as a punishment aim

A
  • limited success
  • shift responsibility away from offender
  • requires a want to change
  • FUNDING
36
Q

What is deterrence?
(e.g)

A

Putting someone off (the fear of getting punished)
- e.g executions, fines, community service

37
Q

How does deterrence ‘work’?

A

Individual - stops re-offending

General - vicarious reinforcement

38
Q

What is the underpinning theory for deterrence?
(2)

A

Right realism - rational choice/ situational crime prevention
SLT - modelling and imitation

39
Q

Criticisms of deterrence as a punishment aim

A
  • prison may not be a deterrent
  • doesn’t explain crimes of passion
  • may not know the risks beforehand
40
Q

What is ‘incapacitation’?
(how does it ‘work’/ examples)

A

Depriving the offender of the ability to perform some function or act
- chemical castration, imprisonment, banishment

41
Q

What is the underpinning theory for incapacitation?

A

BIOLOGICAL
- Lombroso –> cannot change pr rehabilitate an offender

42
Q

Criticisms of incapacitation as a punishment aim

A

Its a strategy of containment/risk management
- doesn’t explain the cause

43
Q

What is reparation?

A

The offender making amends for a wrong they have done (to an individual, society or both)
- financial compensation, unpaid work, restorative justice schemes

44
Q

What is the underpinning theory for reparation?

A

Labelling - reintegrating into society (enables them to show genuine remorse)
Functionalist - restitutive justice (giving back) is crucial in the functioning of society

45
Q

Criticisms of reparation as a punishment aim

A
  • may not work for sexual/violent offences (victims may not want to or be able to forgive)
  • too soft (let off lightly)
46
Q

What is denunciation?

A

public condemnation of someone or something

47
Q

What is the underpinning theory for denunciation? (1)

A

FUNCTIONALISM
- helps reinforce boundary maintenance
- produces social solidarity (unity)

48
Q

Example of denunciation

A

SHANNON MATTHEWS
(kidnapped own daughter to collect reward money –> public labelled mother as evil)
OR
PHILPOTT
(burned down house w children inside + exploited sympathy to get money donated –> “evil, stupid and shameful acts”)

Criminology (2 decks)

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