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Criminology Unit 1 > AC1.1 > Flashcards

AC1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean to analyse in criminology?

A

Break something down into its main components and identify its importance.

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2
Q

What is crime?

A

An illegal act that goes against the written rules and laws of society; an offence under English Law that is punishable by law.

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3
Q

What is an offender of crime?

A

An individual that has committed a crime or an act of harm.

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4
Q

Define deviant behavior.

A

Behavior that does not follow social norms or values.

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5
Q

True or False: All crimes are deviant.

A

False.

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6
Q

What is a victim of crime?

A

An individual who has had a negative impact on them from crime.

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7
Q

How can victims of crime be affected?

A

Mentally, physically, and financially.

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8
Q

Why is it helpful to categorize crimes?

A

Separates distinct types of crimes and helps identify them easier.

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9
Q

What is state crime?

A

Activities done by, or ordered by the state.

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10
Q

Give examples of white-collar crime.

A
  • Fraud
  • Bribery
  • Embezzlement
  • Money laundering
  • Protection rackets
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11
Q

What is an example of individual crime?

A

A crime committed by physical violence.

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12
Q

Define hate crime.

A

Any criminal offence perceived by the victim or anyone else, motivated by hostility or prejudice.

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13
Q

Who are typical victims of hate crime?

A
  • People with certain races
  • People’s gender identity
  • People’s sexuality
  • People’s religious beliefs
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14
Q

What is honor-based violence (HBV)?

A

A crime or action to protect a family’s or community’s ‘honor.’

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15
Q

Who are typically the victims of honor crimes?

A

Typically women and young girls.

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16
Q

What is forced marriage?

A

A marriage where one or both people do not consent.

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17
Q

What is domestic violence?

A

Abuse inside a home against a partner or family member.

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18
Q

Who are the typical offenders of domestic violence?

A

Men.

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19
Q

What is white-collar crime?

A

Crimes that are usually committed by people of high social status and respectability within commercial situations for financial gain.

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20
Q

Who are typical offenders of white-collar crime?

A

People in a position of responsibility and high social status.

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21
Q

What crimes do the mafia typically commit?

A
  • Extortion
  • Protection rackets
  • Prostitution
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22
Q

What are common crimes committed by the Yakuza?

A
  • Drug dealing
  • Blackmail
  • Murder
  • Sex slavery
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23
Q

Who is Bernie Madoff?

A

A financial criminal known for one of the largest Ponzi schemes.
(He is an example of a white collar crime)

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24
Q

What are moral crimes?

A

Acts against society’s norms and morals.

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25
Q

Fill in the blank: Crimes against morality are acts against societies’ _______.

A

[norms and morals]

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26
Q

What are typical victims of white-collar crime?

A
  • Consumers
  • Taxpayers and government
  • Employees
  • The public
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27
Q

What is the public awareness of honor crimes?

A

Low.

28
Q

What is the impact of domestic violence on victims?

A

Can be psychologically, physically, and financially damaging.

29
Q

What motivates hate crimes?

A

Hostility or prejudice based on personal characteristics.

30
Q

What is a Ponzi scheme?

A

A type of fraud that lures investors to pay profits to earlier investors with funds from more recent investors.
It leads the investors into believing that the profits are coming from success in the company whereas their profits come from money being paid in by newer investors.

Named after Charles Ponzi, it is characterized by a lack of legitimate business activity.

31
Q

What is the sentence Bernie received for his involvement in the Ponzi scheme?

A

150 years in prison.

32
Q

Define ‘moral crime’.

A

Acts against society’s norms and morals.

33
Q

What are morals?

A

Determining something that is right and wrong; standards of behavior.

34
Q

What is immorality?

A

Evil, sinful, or otherwise wrong behavior.

35
Q

List examples of moral crimes.

A
  • Vagrancy (Homeless)
  • Begging
  • Underage drinking and smoking
  • Illegal drug use (possession and selling)
  • Prostitution
  • Assisted Suicide
36
Q

Are moral crimes considered victimless?

A

Often thought to be victimless, but there are victims.

37
Q

Give an example of a victim and offender in moral crimes.

A

Victim: a person living on the street (vagrancy); Offender: someone exploiting the vulnerable.

38
Q

Who is typically a victim of moral crimes?

A

People without jobs, often due to financial misfortune or substance abuse.

39
Q

What is the public awareness level regarding moral crimes?

A

Very low.

40
Q

Define ‘deviance’.

A

Behavior that breaks the norms and transgresses societal standards.

41
Q

Who are the offenders in the assisted suicide cases?

A

Individuals assisting in the person’s death.

42
Q

What is state crime?

A

Crimes carried out by or ordered by the state or state agencies.

43
Q

List types of state crimes.

A
  • Genocide
  • War Crimes
  • Torture
  • Imprisonment without trial
  • Police brutality
  • Rigged elections
  • Political crime
44
Q

Who are the typical victims of state crimes?

A

Citizens of other countries or individuals with differing political or religious views.

45
Q

What is the level of public awareness regarding state crimes?

A

High due to media reporting and the extremity of the crimes.

46
Q

Define ‘technological crime’.

A

Crimes involving the use of information, communications, and ICT such as the internet.

47
Q

List examples of technological crimes.

A
  • Financial Crime (Cyber deception/Theft)
  • Cyber Trespass
  • Identity theft
  • Hate crime
  • Illegal downloading
  • Cyber pornography
48
Q

Who can be a typical victim of technological crime?

A

Anyone who uses the internet, especially less educated and younger individuals.

49
Q

What motivates individuals to commit cybercrime?

A

Low risk and high yield.

50
Q

Is cybercrime considered criminal, deviant, or both?

A

It can be both.

Deviant as it goes against the norm of society.
Criminal as it goes against the law of society and can be punishable by law.

51
Q

What did Elliot Roger do?

A

Killed 7 people and injured 13 others out of frustration and hatred for women.

52
Q

Was Elliot Roger a victim, offender, or both?

A

Both; he was a victim of online grooming and an offender of murder.

53
Q

Why are honour crimes under-reported?

A

Honour crimes are commonly very culture-bound crimes, therefore many families think it is allowed for them to commit.

54
Q

What are some examples of deviant behaviour?

A

Laughing at a funeral
Speaking to yourself in public
Swearing/ Inappropriate jokes

55
Q

What are protection rackets?

A

A group is paid to provide protection to businesses/ other groups through violence and threats.

56
Q

What is racketeering?

A

Dishonest and fraudulent business dealings.

Organised acts to earn money illegally.

57
Q

What is bootlegging?

A

Illegal manufacture, sale, and production of alcohol (common during the prohibition period).

58
Q

What else is moral crime often known as and why?

A

Victimless crime.

This is because there is no specific victim within the crimes.

59
Q

Argue why prostitution can be seen as a victimless crime.

A

The person is consenting and willingly putting themselves into the situation.
Some people see it as a job rather than a criminal act.
If a more serious crime is committed, the case is focused on that crime instead of prostitution

60
Q

Argue why prostitution can not be seen as a victimless crime.

A

Some people may be forced/pressured into prostitution
- Gateway crime that can cause more serious crimes.

61
Q

What are the four types of state crimes?

A

Economic crimes
Crimes by security forces
Social and cultural crimes
Political crimes

62
Q

What are crimes by security forces?

A

Genocide
Torture
Imprisonment

63
Q

What is phishing?

A

An attempt to obtain sensitive information for malicious reasons. Offenders disguise themselves as trustworthy entities in electronic forms

64
Q

What are the three types of individual crime?

A

Hate crime
Domestic violence
Honour crime

65
Q

What is hate crime?

A

When someone is hostile towards another individual because of offenders personal prejudice views.

66
Q

Why may some victims of domestic violence not report the crime?

A

Fear of the violence getting worse
Intimidation
Feel ashamed of what’s happening
Feel scared of being judged
Might think it is a one-off situation
Scared of not receiving help
The victim may feel to blame (mental manipulation)
Might still love their partner

67
Q

What is the level of public awareness for white-collar crimes?

A

High for organised white-collar crime because of its aggressive and violent nature.
Moderate/Low for professional and corporate because sophisticated means are used to prevent detection.

Criminology Unit 1 (2 decks)

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