AC 2.1 Explain forms of social control

Question 1

social control

Answer 1

involves persuading or compelling people to conform to society’s norms, laws and expectations, which is necessary to enable society to function smoothly

Question 2

What are the two types of achieving social control

Answer 2

-internal forms
-external forms

Question 3

Internal forms of social control

Answer 3

-These are controls over our behaviour that come from within ourselves (personalities or values).
-They are a form of self control and this leads to us conforming to the rules of society because we feel that it’s the right thing to do

Question 4

Freuds psychoanalytic theory

Answer 4

Freud believes individuals conform to society’s expectations because our superego tells us to

Question 5

What is the superego

Answer 5

Part of the tripartite personality made up of the ID, ego and superego.
The superego develops during the phallic stage due to socialisation and tells us what is right and wrong, inflicting guilty feelings on us

Question 6

How does the superego develop

Answer 6

through early socialisation within the family as a sort of internalised nagging parent telling us how we ought to behave

Question 7

How does the superego prevent criminal behaviour

Answer 7

Its function is to restrain the selfish urges of the ID.
If individuals acted on these urges they would cause anti-social and criminal behaviour
It allows us to exercise self control and behave in a socially acceptable way

Question 8

Tradition and culture as internal social control

Answer 8

-the culture to which we belong also becomes part of us through socialisation and we accept its values, norms and traditions
-believers follow the religious traditions they have been raised in
-conforming to such traditions is an important way of affirming one’s identity and being accepted as a member of a particular community

Question 9

How are social rule and morality internalised

Answer 9

-socialisation
-rational ideology

Question 10

socialisation

Answer 10

The process by which we internalise parents rules and traditions as our own and society’s rules become our own personal rules and moral code

Question 11

Rational ideology

Answer 11

the term used to describe the way in which we internalise social rules and use them to tell us what is right and wrong. This helps us to be law abiding.

Question 12

External forms of social control

Answer 12

Society has external forms of control that aim to ensure we conform to its expectations and keep to its rules through agencies of social control

Question 13

Agencies of social control

Answer 13

organisations or institutions that impose rules on us in an effort to make us behave in certain ways

Question 14

Examples of agencies of social control

Answer 14

Family, peer group and education system

Question 15

How do agencies of social control link to skinners operant learning theory

Answer 15

-Agencies use positive and negative sanctions to reward and punish behaviour.
-Positive sanctions reinforce the behaviour and increase the likelihood that it will happen again
-negative sanctions punish the behaviour and decrease the likelihood that it will happen again

Question 16

The criminal justice system

Answer 16

contains several agents of social control, that have the power to use formal legal sanctions against individuals to make them conform to society’s laws

Question 17

Agents in the criminal justice system

Answer 17

-police
-CPS
-judges and magistrates
-the prison service

Question 18

the police

Answer 18

have powers to stop, search, arrest, detain and question suspects

Question 19

the CPS

Answer 19

can charge suspects and prosecute them in court

Question 20

judges and magistrates

Answer 20

have powers to bail the accused or remand them in custody and to sentence the guilty to a variety of punishments

Question 21

The prison service

Answer 21

can detain prisoners against their will for the duration of their sentence and punish prisoners misbehaviour

Question 22

coercion

Answer 22

Involves the use of threat or force to make someone do or stop doing something. This may be in the form of physical or psychological violence

Question 23

Example of coercion

Answer 23

Sending someone to prison for stealing as it aims to prevent further offending

Question 24

fear of punishment

Answer 24

a form of coercion that aims to achieve social control and make people conform to the laws

Question 25

Deterrence

Answer 25

Right realists argue that fear of being caught and punished is what ensures that many would-be criminals continue to obey the law

Question 26

Control theory

Answer 26

control theorists ask why people obey the law

Question 27

Hirschi bonds of attachment

Answer 27

people conform because they are controlled by their bonds to society which keeps them from deviating.
-deviant acts occur when an individuals bond to society is weak/broken

Question 28

what are the four elements to an individuals bond to society

Answer 28

-attachment
-commitment
-involvement
-beliefs

Question 29

Attachment

Answer 29

the more attached we are to others the more we care about their opinion of us and we will be less likely to break the rules if we are concerned what our parents ect might think

Question 30

commitment

Answer 30

the more committed an individual is to a conventional lifestyle the more we risk losing by getting involved with crime

Question 31

involvement

Answer 31

the more involved we are in conventional, law abiding activities the less energy we will have for getting involved in criminal ones

Question 32

Example of involvement

Answer 32

youth clubs can be justified as keeping young people out of trouble by filling their time with legal activities

Question 33

Beliefs

Answer 33

If we have been socialised to believe it’s right to obey the law, we are less likely to break it

Question 34

Parenting

Answer 34

control theorists argue the role of parenting is important in creating bonds that prevent young people from offending

Question 35

Gottfredson and Hirschi-parenting

Answer 35

argued that low self control is a major cause of delinquency and that this results from poor socialisation and inconsistent parental discipline

Question 36

Riley and Shaw- parenting

Answer 36

a lack of parental supervision was an important factor in delinquency

Question 37

What do Riley and Shaw argue about parenting

Answer 37

parents should:
-involve themselves in their teenagers lives and spend time with them
-take an interest in what they do at school and how they spend time with their friends
-show strong disapproval of criminal behaviour and explain the consequences of offending

Question 38

Reckless

Answer 38

we have psychological tendencies that can lead to criminality but effective socialisation can provide ‘internal containment’ by building the self control to resist the temptation to offend. External controls such as parental discipline can provide ‘external containment’

Question 39

feminists

Answer 39

used control theory to explain women’s low rate of offending

Question 40

Heidensohn

Answer 40

argues that patriarchal society controls females more closely making it harder for them to offend

Question 41

Heidensohn-example

Answer 41

women spend more time on domestic duties leaving them less time to engage in criminal activity

Question 42

Feminists- Carlen

Answer 42

Females who do offend had often failed to form an attachment to parents because they had suffered abuse in the family or been brought up in care